Foundation for a stone house. Do-it-yourself foundation for a stone house

Price

Practicality

Appearance

Ease of manufacture

Environmental friendliness

final grade

The construction of a house must be approached deliberately. After all, it is being built for many years, so you can’t make a mistake here even in the smallest details. The main thing is to choose the right material. An excellent solution. Houses made of it are very rare, although they are very durable and look great. Much more often you can find foundations made of rubble stone.

Foundations are usually reinforced, but this is a very laborious work. Rubble stones for the foundation can be an excellent alternative and replace expensive and complex reinforcement. They can have a variety of shapes, but they must have at least one parallel surface.

The stones should be large, but for the convenience of work it is better if their weight is no more than 30 kg. The soil must be carefully compacted before laying them. The concrete mixture should be half the stones. Buta must be taken without cracks.

It looks like the foundation of the house, made of rubble stone:

The foundation of rubble stone The foundation of multi-colored rubble stone

Types of foundation from buta

Before arranging the foundation, preparatory work is carried out. First, they remove the top layer of the earth and move it to another place. When choosing a foundation design made of rubble stone, one should take into account the saturation of the site with water, know how high the groundwater lies, and to what depth the soil freezes in frost.

There are various types of foundations. When arranging rubble, tape is more often used.

Strip foundation built using the following technology:

• Dig out the trench. Its depth depends on the degree of soil freezing. A formwork system is made in it and a solution is poured into it. Sand and rubble flat-faced (bedded stones) are poured into the formwork and they are well compacted.
• The starting row is poured with a cement-sand mortar and allowed to dry completely. After that, lay the rest of the rows. At the same time, such a foundation can serve as walls in basements. Since the stones have different sizes, it should be slightly wider than the walls.

You can not put gravel under the stones, as it has a shorter service life, and after its destruction the house will settle. In addition, stones with sharp edges should not be placed in the first row.

Pillar foundations also very widespread. For their arrangement, rubble and reinforced concrete or wooden poles are used. Such a foundation is used only for one-story buildings.

Stone foundation construction technology

Before starting the construction of a rubble foundation, it is necessary to prepare stones of the right size in advance.

Dig a trench under the foundation, level its bottom. If the soil is too liquid soil, it must be compacted with sand, crushed stone, slag. Highly located groundwater should be diverted from the trench.

To increase the strength of the structure, it is better to carry out laying using the “under the shoulder blade” method.

The finished rows are poured with liquid cement mortar and compacted with a rammer. If even small voids remain in the masonry, water can get into them, which freezes in winter, and the foundation quickly collapses.

The next rows are already laid on a plastic and thick solution. Its layer should be no more than 30 cm.

For milestones, corners and intersections, larger stones are taken. Lay them wide side down.

Learn more about how to make a foundation of rubble stone in the video:

Rubble stone house

Houses made of rubble stones are very rare, since the masonry has to be made from raw, very uneven material. Rubble masonry requires too much mortar, due to the need to seal the gaps between the stones. Not every bricklayer will agree to such work, as it requires special techniques that differ from ordinary masonry.

But after a long work, a unique structure is obtained. This house has an unusual, very beautiful view. It is so durable that it can stand for several centuries.

Photo of houses made of rubble stone

house made of rubble stone house made of rubble stone house made of rubble stone house made of rubble stone house made of rubble stone

Rubble stone retaining wall process and materials in brief

Retaining walls on the site are built to decorate it or to strengthen the slopes and slopes. Such structures help to bring a "flavor" to the design of the site.

To build a retaining wall of rubble stone, you will need the following materials and tools:

• rubble stone;
• cement;
• clay (to give plasticity to the solution);
• sand;
• Master OK;
• grater;
• trimming bars for marking,
• glue (tile and for natural stone);
• drill with nozzles;
• cord;
• level (bubble, hydro level or laser)

Preparation of mortar for masonry

A cement-sand mixture is taken (preferably ready-made in bags) and mixed with water. For mixing, you can use a drill by screwing the mixer nozzle onto it. Tile glue and glue for natural stones are added to the mixture.

It is better not to pour all the water at once, but to add it during kneading, bringing the solution to the consistency of thick sour cream.

Retaining wall masonry

• Masonry is carried out along the boundaries previously marked on the ground.
• Sod from the ground must be removed.
• The masonry site is covered with sand and trampled down with feet. Then stones are laid on the sand.
• The second row is laid out on the mortar, putting a stone on it, knocking on it with a trowel's pen or a hammer. The stone should, as it were, be pressed into the solution. To reduce gaps, small pebbles are placed between large stones. There is no need to be afraid that the masonry will get dirty with the solution, after the solution hardens, it can be easily removed with a brush.
• The next row is laid like the second. A retaining wall of four or more rows must be reinforced with mesh or made thicker.
• After the wall is laid out, it must be left for a day. After that, using a drill, into which a wire brush is inserted, clean the stone and seams.

The process of laying a retaining wall made of rubble stone:

Rubble stone plinth

Rubble stone is very convenient to veneer the base. Such a plinth looks very beautiful, especially when it is lined with stones of various sizes.

Designers advise taking a stone of a contrasting color with the wall of the house or a similar shade.

An example of facing the basement of a wooden house with rubble stone

There are a lot of projects of such buildings. There are practically no restrictions on the architectural forms of the building and its elements, their design.

When building from stone, there are practically no restrictions on the architectural forms of the building and its elements, their design

The construction of a stone house itself has its own nuances.

1. Masonry. The laying of natural stone is similar to brick. You also need to monitor the correct implementation of the dressing and reinforce the intersections of the walls. The only difference is that you have to match the stones to each other. Therefore, it is better to use elements with a relatively smooth surface, and their most beautiful part should be displayed on the facade of the house. The easiest way is to pick up parts of a hewn or chipped buta. The voids between the elements must be filled with mortar, the seams are trimmed. Getting it right requires experience. It is quite difficult to do it yourself.
2. Installation of a foundation made of natural stone. Stone structures need a strong foundation. If you use a stone (or its crumbs) when pouring the foundation, you will get a very solid foundation of the building, which will not require further repair. He will not be afraid of temperature changes and groundwater.
3. Wall insulation. A house made of stone quickly loses heat. Therefore, it is necessary to additionally insulate the walls. Its thickness and composition are calculated when drafting the building.

How stone is used in the exterior

From this natural material, not only houses are made, but also various additions to it: fences, paths, fountains, etc., maintaining a single style. Alternatively, you can use not a solid stone, but its crumbs and fragments.

Natural stone is used not only at home, but also various additions to it.

Consider some exterior elements that are perfect for such a house:

1. Outdoor fence. It is desirable to lay out (or veneer) it with the same material as the built house. The shape of the fence can be any. A foundation is laid under it. The wrought iron fence looks great too.
2. Forged lanterns. Forged lanterns on the site give the house a cozy and romantic look at night.
3. Fruit trees. An orchard near the walls of a natural stone house brings a homely and cozy touch to the exterior.
4. Stone paths. To decorate the paths on the site, you can use small flat stones.
5. Swimming pool and gazebo. They perfectly complement the architectural appearance of the house.
6. White trim on doors and porch. The snow-white finish of the door and window openings, as well as the porch, goes well with such walls. Live plants in tubs or beautiful flower beds can complete the picture.

In the interior of the house

Fireplaces often become a traditional part of stone houses.

This material is suitable for any style of interior. They make from it: vases, statues, candlesticks, lamps, fountains, etc. Stone columns and stairs look colorful.

Often, residents of a natural stone house order stone countertops and window sills. They are made of marble, quartz or onyx. On sale there are stone sinks for the kitchen or bathroom. Combinations of stone with wood or iron also fit into the overall concept.

Fireplace

Fireplaces often become a traditional part of such houses. It is not only a decoration, but also a source of heat. His household often gathers on cold winter evenings for tea parties and conversations.

stone oven

A large stone oven on the open veranda also looks stylish.

A large stone oven, decorated with an elegant wrought iron grate and decorated with a woodpile, also looks stylish. The interior and exterior of such a building is a place of interesting design ideas and finds. Nothing will protect the home from the external environment like a stone. This natural material is not afraid of either water or fire. Therefore, stone houses will be built at all times.

Design features

What is a stone foundation? This is the base of the house, built of natural stone, the voids in it are filled with crushed stone of a fine fraction, and a cement-sand mortar is used for adhesion. Experts say that such a supporting structure in its strength and durability is several times superior to a conventional strip foundation.

The peculiarity of the structure is that natural stone cannot be divided into certain categories depending on the shape and size of individual elements. The level of strength does not depend on the shape of the stones used to build the natural stone foundation. Rubble stone is used in the construction of one- and two-story buildings:

• spending a minimum of financial resources;
• not using construction equipment;
• without needing the help of highly qualified specialists.

Another positive feature that distinguishes natural stone is its external attractiveness and aesthetics. The plinth, built of cobblestone, does not need to be plastered, which reduces material and physical costs.

The construction of a stone foundation makes sense on soils of various types:

• loamy;
• sandy;
• clayey.

Most often, when constructing a foundation for a house, rubble stone or cobblestone is used.

Under such conditions, the life of the building is at least 50 years, which largely depends on the quality of the stones for the foundation.

The use of rubble stone for the construction of a foundation in an area rich in this natural material is justified. This is due not only to a significant reduction in material costs, but also to the characteristics of the soil, which is distinguished in such places by increased strength.

In order to strengthen the structure, reinforcing components are used, which are introduced into the base itself before pouring the cement mortar. In this case, the structure will serve for a long time, without requiring additional care. When choosing a stone, it is enough to check its strength with a conventional hammer or sledgehammer.

Time costs associated with the preparation of elements. Each stone will have to be thoroughly cleaned of any contaminants and additionally rinsed with water to ensure a high-quality bond of the cement mortar with the structural elements.

The use of limestone must be abandoned, as it is not very durable.

Selection of stones and preparatory work

The choice of stones for the foundation is based on their strength characteristics, and the size is adjusted during the work. Too large fractions are broken, and small ones are used to fill voids and arrange pillows. The minimum time is required to prepare the cobblestone, but if you have to work with the so-called white stone, then its preparation should be given as much attention as possible.

The stone must not:

• crumble;
• dust;
• crumble under the blows of a hammer into many small pieces.

The most important procedure in the preparation process is plinting. Large stones weighing more than 30 kg will need to be broken into at least 2-3 parts. The technology is simple but labor intensive. To begin with, the stones are cleaned and washed, pouring abundantly with water, then, after waiting for drying, with the help of a masking cord, they mark a line along which they need to split it, and only after that they drive a chisel into the depths of the block.

Only fragments that correspond to the markup can be used as foundation elements for the house. Crushed stones are not used in work.

Qualitative elements under hammer blows will be divided into separate fractions of the required parameters. Not only the size is important, but also the weight of each broken piece. If the shape is not of great importance, then the weight of each stone should not exceed 30 kg. Having received the required number of components, you can begin to prepare the land:

1. Clearing, during which it is necessary to get rid of excess vegetation, especially trees and shrubs.
2. Mark up according to the approved project, paying special attention to the corners. Deviation from the value of 900 will lead to distortion and cracking of the structure.
3. Designation of the outer boundaries of the foundation and stretching of the parallel laces at a distance corresponding to the width of the future base tape. This parameter should exceed the actual thickness of the tape by 10 cm, since the height (thickness) of the formwork panels that will be installed in the trench is taken into account.

Having completed the preparatory part, you can begin to perform earthworks and assemble the formwork.

Work order

When starting to build a foundation for a house using rubble stone or cobblestone, it is necessary to prepare trenches, the minimum width of which will be 70 cm, and the depth will be at least 80 cm. In each specific area, this figure is different, since it depends on the depth of soil freezing. After the formwork is set and the cushion is created, these values ​​will change. At the bottom of the prepared trench, sand is poured with a layer of 15 cm, spilled with water and rammed. On top of it - gravel or crushed stone of a fine fraction.

This layer is also subject to pouring and ramming. This is a necessary pillow under the foundation, which plays the role of high-quality drainage. After its construction, they begin to assemble the formwork structure:

1. From boards with a thickness of at least 3 cm (preferably 5 cm), shields are knocked down, the height of which corresponds to the given parameter of the base.
2. Finished shields are installed on both sides of the trench, fastened together with transverse jumpers and reinforced with supports made of lumber.
3. Roofing material or other rolled material can be used as waterproofing, parts of which are overlapped with an overlap of at least 5 cm.
4. The prepared rubble stone must be thoroughly wetted with water so that moisture from the cement mortar is not absorbed into it in the future.

Elements of the future structure are laid, leaving small gaps between the stones. The solution should flow here, completely filling the voids.

When laying rows, you must follow the sequence. The first row is placed on the short side (poke), the voids are covered with rubble and rammed. Only after that proceed to laying the second row.

The second row of stone is spoon. This means that all the stones are placed on the long side, taking care to maintain the distance between them. After completing the process, all elements are poured with a liquid cement-sand mortar. At this stage, reinforcing bars with a diameter of 10-12 mm are installed between the stones to strengthen the structure.

The last row of stones is poured with concrete with less water in the composition and must be rammed with a vibrator. To study in detail the sequence of work, you can watch the video.

When laying a rubble stone during the construction of a foundation for a house, you can alternate the spoon and bond rows, spilling them with liquid concrete and filling the voids with fine-grained gravel or stone fragments. It is possible to build a high-quality, reliable and durable foundation by ensuring its proper installation. Stones should stand firmly, not stagger. Be sure to check during the construction of the foundation, not only the horizontal, but also the verticality of the corners.

The simplest and cheapest stone foundation

As a foundation for a house, the easiest way is to make a trench of rubble. Such a foundation is suitable, of course, not for any type of soil and not for any structure, but it is quite applicable for a wooden house, garage or bath. In addition, you should not use such a support in the case of swampy or peaty soil at the construction site. large floods or increased soil flowability.

Work order

The manufacture of such a base is carried out manually, without the use of special equipment, it is possible to perform work even alone:

The walls and bottom are carefully leveled with a conventional shovel, if necessary, the soil is compacted. As a result, you should get even, clean ditches of the same width and depth;

The largest stones are laid on the bottom first, after which the first row is covered with crushed stone of medium and small fractions;

Supports for the walls of the future building are installed simultaneously with the backfilling of the trench. To do this, the pillars are surrounded by large boulders and additionally sprinkled with smaller components with a mandatory subsequent tamping;

At this stage, it is also worth thinking about the drainage system and underground utilities. Even if the house project does not plan to use these systems, it is better to lay several pipes so that you can later connect to them;

As a drainage, you can use a pipe drawn along the bottom of the trench and having access to the sewer well.
Additionally, to protect the base from moisture, it is possible to make a long overhang for the roof with properly arranged gutters;

Try to keep the laying as dense as possible, for this, manually fill all the voids with suitable specimens of stones;

The closer to the surface, the finer stone can be used. In this case, it is possible to use not only natural wild stone, but also fragments of asphalt, concrete blocks and similar construction debris. Do not use metal structures as an additional filler, they quickly collapse under the influence of corrosion, which leads to deformation of the base;

The last stage of work will be the arrangement of a gentle slope away from the house, which can be made from soil taken from a dug trench.

Detailed scheme for installing a drainage system

Summing up all of the above, if you have planned the construction of a structure in an area with a high content of stones and dense soil (and most often the presence of stone inclusions guarantees sufficient soil hardness), then a crushed stone trench is your option.

Features of the construction of a rubble foundation

The technology for manufacturing a foundation from buta suggests a more thorough approach to its construction:

A rubble stone foundation can be used on a wide variety of soils, with the exception of heavily heaving ones. This type of base is resistant to moisture, therefore it is used in areas with a high risk of flooding.

You can make a tape from buta. columnar and strip-column foundations, however, the last two types are extremely laborious due to the need to select suitable stones for laying.

Other types of stone foundation

Brick foundations can also be attributed to stone foundations, but the use of this material is unprofitable due to its high cost.

One of the stone foundations

Although if you have the opportunity to purchase high-quality material at a low price, the application is quite justified.

In addition, you can give the foundation the appearance of a stone foundation with the help of a plinth cladding. In this case, you will get not only an attractive appearance of the building, but also give rigidity to the structure as a whole, and also provide additional protection for the foundation.

To finish the basement of the building, you can use more expensive materials such as marble or granite, but the more affordable option with a budget price has gained the most popularity. In this case, a rubble stone is used, followed by processing with a special compound.

Another option for making an imaginary stone foundation is the use of natural stone slabs. The finishing technology of these two types of facing material differs due to the different weight of raw materials.

The original foundation of red natural stone

Lining the plinth with a rubble

Before proceeding with the decoration of the building with any decorative material, it is necessary to wait until the house settles, this also applies to facing with rubble stone. For old houses, the main preparation for finishing is the removal of the old coating and a thorough grouting of the surface.

If necessary, at this stage, additional insulation of the basement can be performed:

• A layer of plaster is applied to the base to level the surface and wait for it to dry completely;
• After that, it makes sense to prime the surface in 2-3 layers to strengthen the finishing material. The best option would be to apply an antiseptic primer against mold and fungi, this will extend the life of the finish;
• On top of the primed plaster, sheets of insulation are fixed to special dowels, which is also treated with a special primer;
• A reinforcing mesh is let through the insulation, which will be the basis for attaching a decorative element;
• If there is no special need for a heater, the surface is covered only with concrete contact with a large fraction.

Rubble stone laying technology

First of all, it is better to select stones that are suitable in size, shape and color, later this will save you from sorting in the process.

In principle, natural stone cladding is very similar to laying conventional tiles, adjusted for non-standard stone shapes.

An example of decorative cladding of a stone foundation

After applying such a cladding, only a professional builder will guess that the foundation is not made of stone.

Facing the base with natural stone slabs

As a rule, this type of material has a fairly significant weight, therefore, in rare cases, it is permissible to mount it only on a solution. When using this method, a special reinforcing mesh is necessarily launched over the base, which will ensure the reliability of fastening the plates to the surface.

Basically, special anchors or fasteners are used for fastening, which are mounted in the process of laying the panels on the mortar.

In this case, it is obligatory to bind each finishing element to the base.

1. Fasteners are special hooks made of stainless steel, and each plate requires at least two fasteners at the top and bottom. To install them, holes are punched in natural stone slabs, into which a hook is inserted, while the second part must be mounted in the base.
2. When mounting the fasteners in the slabs, it is necessary to cut out the grooves so that the hook does not protrude beyond the surface of the panel.

Scheme for the installation of foundation cladding slabs

Strengthening the hooks themselves in the body of the plate is carried out using an adhesive solution.

Additionally, with similar hooks, the plates themselves are fixed to each other.

The laying of natural stone slabs starts from the corners of the building, all the rest are oriented along the slabs of the bottom row. All other measures for finishing the basement are carried out, as in previous cases.

Such a simple method allows you to give the visible part of the foundation a presentable look with a minimum of costs for the purchase of consumables, do not forget about the additional protection of the base from environmental influences.

Natural stone foundation

In the old days, they also knew how to build, so why not use such technologies for self-construction, and not make a foundation of natural stone. Such a foundation of the house is distinguished by a reduced cost, and when the technology is implemented, it is not inferior in strength to monolithic concrete foundations.

Natural or wild stone is probably the only material that can safely be called eternal. Natural stone is strong, wear-resistant, durable, withstands large temperature fluctuations. All these parameters were formed by nature itself over many years, i.e. natural stone (but) does not have internal stresses or a weak molecular structure, tk. according to all the existing "shortcomings" it has already split. That is why rubble is considered an eternal material, because its maximum destruction is superficial.

The use of natural stone in construction

The unique aesthetic qualities of natural stone make it possible to use it not only as the main building material, but also as a decorative and protective coating. They are lined with walls, paths, lawns and even individual architectural structures.

At the same time, it is not necessary to go to a quarry to equip your home from natural materials, because today many companies process natural stone for absolutely any purpose, i.e. different models and sizes. Natural stone is processed mechanically, in rare cases by fire, while no compounds harmful to health are formed, therefore it is absolutely environmentally safe.

Natural stone is processed for cut, chipped, or rolled tiles, bricks, while large boulders are used as supports, bases, fillers or piece products in the construction of walls. foundation. fireplaces. and even rock gardens. Moreover, from the point of view of the design approach, wild stone is perfectly combined with metal, glass, and wood, i.е. it is a versatile material for both construction and cladding.

Do-it-yourself natural stone foundation

It is quite possible to make a natural stone foundation with your own hands, and such an event will not cost so much, but the most problematic task is to find a suitable buta and deliver it to the construction site, so many builders use the services of specialized companies.

Having decided to make a foundation with your own hands from wild stone, you first need to decide on the manufacturing technology:

Concrete casting of the foundation with natural stone filler - this technology allows the use of base reinforcement, which increases its operational parameters.

A distinctive feature of the technology is the ability to use different-sized stone of any shape, which simplifies and speeds up the construction process.

1. The casting process is not much different from in-situ concrete, but has some features:

Be sure to carry out a bedding base of coarse-grained material: crushed stone, pebbles, rubble chips or construction debris.

Formwork with waterproof walls is mandatory. The formwork should not intensively take away moisture, so that the cement has time to close and harden normally, and not dry out. Why the formwork is upholstered with a polymer film. This operation should be taken seriously, because. natural stone will also intensively take away moisture.

Before using a wild stone, it must be soaked for about an hour, which leads to surface saturation with water and excellent purification from crumbling particles. Please note that it is not worth soaking the stone for longer, because. its mass increases significantly, which complicates its use, in addition, excessive saturation of the rocky structure leads to the "rejection" of the cement mortar.

When reinforcing the foundation of wild stone, to facilitate the laying of stones, only vertical reinforcing bars and the lower layer of horizontal dressing are installed. As the foundation is cast, horizontal reinforcement is added.

Stones are laid in layers, i.е. the laid first layer of them is poured with concrete with an excess of 5-7 cm, then a new layer of stones is laid with a slight pressure to sink them into the solution. Attention! Do not press hard on the stones, because. they themselves, under their own weight, are immersed in the solution, and the stones should not lie on top of each other, between them there must be a layer of cement-sand mortar with a thickness of at least 1 cm.

You can use different sized natural stones for the foundation, but try to lay them in such a way that horizontal planes form, so practice with puzzles will help in this operation.

2. Features of laying rubble stone in the foundation:

The laying of natural stone in the foundation is carried out directly in the trench, i.e. the dug trench is covered with a large bedding with tamping, and the walls laid out in it are only 2-5 cm smaller in size. This gap is necessarily covered with rubble chips, which ensures excellent drainage from the foundation.

For foundation masonry made of natural stone, it is better to use more or less one-dimensional oblong-shaped stones. The masonry itself is made according to the general laws of dressing, and it is desirable to expel more even horizontal lines. The thickness of the solution layer should not be less than 1 cm.

Masonry stones also need to be soaked, but before installing them, they must dry superficially so that the laid out row does not float.

And finally, a few tricks of working with natural stone:

It is better to prepare a cement-sand mixture on fine sandstone, because. inclusions of small stones does not allow complete extrusion of the solution.

Do not be afraid of the admixture of clay in the solution, because it perfectly retains moisture, which means that the seams will crack less.

Fill large voids between stones with small fragments, thus saving mortar.

How to make a foundation of rubble stone with your own hands?

Butov is called a strip (columnar foundation), built from large-sized natural stone, filled with cement mortar.

Booth, unlike building rubble and gravel, is not divided into fractions. Therefore, it contains pieces ranging in size from 15 to 50 cm of various shapes. The best is considered to be a “bedded” but, which is easy to distinguish by a relatively flat and wide lower and upper faces.

The foundation of such a stone is built quite quickly and does not require sorting and splitting. Unfortunately, bedded but is quite rare.

Most often, natural stone is mined from rocks in an explosive way, so its pieces have an irregular shape.

Despite the complexity of laying, the construction of a rubble stone foundation is still popular due to its low cost and high structural strength. Compared to a strip foundation made of concrete blocks, it costs 2-3 times cheaper. Working with rubble stone does not require high qualifications, so even a beginner can make a reliable foundation for a house from it.

Another plus that gives a rubble foundation is the beauty of natural stone. If you make of it not only the underground part, but also the basement, then you won’t have to spend time and money on tiling or plastering.

The reliability of a rubble foundation depends not only on the strength of the stone and mortar, but also on the bearing capacity of the foundation. On subsidence and heaving soils, rubble foundations without reinforcing reinforcement should not be built. On coarse sand, dense loam and clay, it will stand without major repairs for at least 100 years.

Today, rubble foundations are erected for low-rise residential buildings (up to 2 floors) and outbuildings, although in cities they have been built on brick "five-story buildings" for more than half a century.

When buying a stone, you need to pay attention to its size (optimal for laying 20-30 cm). The material must be clean (free of earth and dirt), strong (withstanding a compressive load of at least 1000 kg/cm2) and free of cracks. The best stone is granite or basalt, limestone is the worst for masonry.

Device Features

Since the booth is a large-sized stone, you will not be able to make a foundation less than 35 centimeters wide from it. Consider this point before starting excavation. The optimal width of the “ribbon” from buta (the stone is laid in two parallel rows) is 45-55 cm.

In order to prevent seasonal fluctuations in the soil from destroying the masonry, a “cushion” is poured onto the bottom of the trench, consisting of a layer of sand and a layer of rubble. Its thickness after compaction should be within 15-20 cm.

The rubble foundation is buried in the ground below the seasonal freezing mark in order to eliminate the effect of frost heaving forces.

If the work is carried out in dense soil, then it is not necessary to put the shield formwork in the trench. In this case, the foundation is made according to the “spread” technology, laying the rubble close to the walls of the trench.

The classical laying of the rubble foundation is carried out in layers. Before laying the first layer, experts recommend laying dense polyethylene on a sand cushion. It will not allow cement milk to leave the solution, reduce its strength. The booth is placed in two parallel lines, leaving a gap of 3-5 cm between the stones for pouring the solution. The top row is laid with the dressing of the bottom: the stones should overlap the bottom seams.

To prepare a strong pouring solution, fresh cement grade M-500 is used. The proportion is selected in the following ratio: for 1 part of cement 3 parts of sand. The consistency should be creamy for good penetration into the seams.

Before laying, the stones need to be slightly moistened with water. This will remove dust and improve adhesion to the mortar.

Foundation pouring methods

Filling is done in one of two ways: direct and reverse. Direct option - first, a layer of mortar is spread out of such a thickness that the bottle is recessed into it by ½ of its height. With the reverse method, the first layer of buta is poured with a solution that completely covers the stone. Then a new row is placed on it.

It should be noted that the direct method is better than the reverse. With it, fewer air cavities are formed, which reduce the strength of the foundation.

An important note: when laying a stone, do not forget to immediately make technological holes in it for the passage of water and sewer pipes. This saves you the time consuming task of punching and drilling holes in hard stone.

In problematic soils, it is necessary to strengthen the rubble foundation with a horizontal reinforcement belt of 4-6 rods with a cross section of 14-18 mm. They are laid on the bottom of the trench, sinking into a layer of mortar 5-7 cm thick. After hardening, after two days, laying begins. A volumetric reinforcing cage for a rubble foundation is not suitable, since it does not make it possible to lay the stone tightly.

Another way to protect the rubble foundation from ground vibrations is a widened sole. To do this, the width of the trench must be equal to the width of the supporting sole. It is laid in exactly the same way as the main part of the foundation. After completion of the work, backfilling of the lateral sinuses is performed, compacting the soil in layers.

In order to make the rubble concrete foundation perfectly even for laying walls, a mortar or concrete screed 5-10 cm thick is poured over the top. It hides the protruding parts of the stone and strengthens the foundation. If there are doubts about the strength and stability of the soil, the top screed should be reinforced with reinforcement. This will absorb tensile stresses from uplift and protect the foundation from cracks.

It should be said that rubble concrete is a good material not only for tape. but also for the columnar base under the building. It is much easier and easier to dig several holes around the perimeter of the house below the freezing mark of the soil than to bury a continuous tape into it and butt it with a stone.

The bearing capacity of rubble pillars is no less, and labor costs are significantly lower. Bay columnar supports 10-15 cm above the ground, they make a binding grillage of reinforced concrete and lay the walls.

Rubble stone practically does not absorb moisture, but water from the soil rises along the mortar joints. Therefore, in any case, the foundation must be qualitatively waterproofed with 2 layers of roofing material or smeared with bituminous mastic along the upper cut.

Concrete pavement is an important part of the overall system for protecting the foundation from precipitation. Its width should be at least 80 centimeters with a thickness of 12 to 8 cm.

This material has been used to build houses for thousands of years. Neither concrete, nor FBS blocks, nor brick, created relatively recently, can boast of quality that has been tested by such a long time. The most interesting thing is that various buildings built on rubble stone are still standing. Agree, this inspires considerable confidence.

But, in addition to reliability, there are a number of other factors that affect the choice. This includes the price, the use of other materials, and the ability to create a foundation of rubble stone with your own hands. Let's consider all this in more detail.

The rubble foundation is more often chosen for private houses in 1 - 2 floors and outbuildings. In addition to them, you can also find five-story buildings erected on such a basis.

About the material, its advantages and disadvantages

What is this wild stone? In fact, it is an irregularly shaped cobblestone, which is the result of the development of dolomite, limestone and sandstone. One such piece can reach up to 500 mm in size and weigh up to 50 kg.

Like any material, rubble stone has its pros and cons. Let's start with the benefits:

1. Environmental friendliness. Impurities are not added to the bottle, as can be done with a concrete mixture or clay;
2. Aesthetics. The natural rubble stone foundation looks beautiful, which is important for those who build the foundation above the surface level;
3. Low price value. The same concrete costs an order of magnitude more expensive;
4. The ability to work without the involvement of technology. For example, for FBS, a winch is minimally required. And the concrete is completely mixed and pumped by special machines. Masonry is quite possible to create manually;
5. Strength. If brick is chosen for light buildings, then stone can withstand more serious buildings;
6. No fear of temperature changes. Such a foundation is not destroyed by sudden cold weather or sudden warming;
7. Durability. The rubble base can stand for a century and a half.

Now let's talk about the disadvantages. There are few of them:

1. Carrying out work exclusively by hand. On the one hand, you can create a stone foundation with your own hands, on the other hand, the technique here is not an assistant;
2. Time costs. It will take a long time to tinker here;
3. The need to prepare the boot, which also takes a lot of time.

The stone must be of high quality, otherwise there may be serious problems.

The first step is to check the material for defects such as cracks and delaminations - they should not be. Next, it is worth striking with a hammer: if you hear a ringing sound, and the same defects do not appear on the stone, it is suitable. You can also split the bottle, while it should not be dusty and crushed.

Preparatory and primary work

From the pros and cons we move on to the work itself. Before creating a foundation from buta, it must be washed. Here you need to stock up on both time and patience. One can only imagine how long it will take to launder each stone. But without this, there is no way, because otherwise the concrete mixture will not contact the rubble as it should, and this can lead to the destruction of the base.

Stones for the future foundation weighing more than 30 kg also need to be “plinthed”, that is, split into smaller parts. It is done like this:

1. The split line is marked with a pencil.
2. a nylon rope is taken and pressed into a piece of chalk.
3. the intended rope is stretched over the intended line and drops sharply onto the stone. So a clearly drawn line remains on the surface.
4. A chisel is placed on the line, driven with a hammer with the help of elbow strikes. Further, the tool is placed each time at an angle along the mark; it should be hit with shoulder blows.

It is even better if a seam passes through the stone into which a chisel can be inserted. Then the bottle splits along the crack. Now let's move on to creating the foundation itself. The creation of rubble (like any other) foundations begins with digging a trench or foundation pit (strictly according to a correctly created plan, otherwise the efforts, which are already considerable, may be in vain). In order for everything to match later, you must first make markings on the surface, and only then excavate.

More than one type of foundation can be created from natural stone. We will tell you how a rubble strip foundation is built, since this design is more popular than the rest. Therefore, at this stage, we have made the digging of trenches. Now at its bottom you need to create a sand cushion. Backfilling of sand is carried out in layers, each layer is carefully compacted.

Laying can be carried out on a pillow. But it is better to put layers of roofing material on the bottom (overlap). They will not allow cement milk to leave the solution, and then they will act as waterproofing.

Let's not forget to mention the solution. To do this, you need to take fresh cement M - 500 and three times more sand. The consistency should resemble sour cream - then the solution penetrates well into the seams.

erection

We proceed directly to laying the stone. You will not find any one step-by-step instruction, since there is more than one technology for creating a foundation from buta. More precisely, there are three of them: “under the bay”, “shoulder blade” and “bracket”. Each of them has its own characteristics and - in our case - the right to consider.

You probably noticed that in the preliminary work there is no point about creating formwork. The fact is that it is not necessary in all cases. So, in the case of laying “under the shoulder blade”, it is needed only when a smooth foundation surface is needed - for example, for finishing or to strengthen the foundation (and this is important when it is created independently). But "for pouring" formwork is always done.

Before telling how to make a foundation for all these technologies, one more detail needs to be mentioned. The long side of the stone is called a spoon, and the short side is called a poke. It is these names that are found both in conversations and in articles.

Now let's move on to methods. As we said, there are only three of them. There is nothing difficult in them, upon closer examination it will become clear. So, let's begin.

"Under the shoulder blade"

Here the work is carried out as follows:

1. First, the bonded row is laid dry.
2. The stones are rammed, the voids between them are filled with rubble.
3. The row is filled with a solution.
4. The tychkovy row is laid. Its thickness, like the previous one, is approximately 30 cm. The height must also be observed: it should be approximately the same.

In any way, the stones should not touch each other.

"Under the Gulf"

As already mentioned, in this case, formwork is required. Here, the size of the buta is not so important. This method is chosen infrequently, since such a foundation has a rather low strength. Therefore, fences are often erected on them, a maximum of light frame baths. The technology looks like this:

1. A bonded row is laid, crushed, rammed and filled with mortar (75% sand and 25% cement, that is, 3: 1).
2. A spoon row is laid, then all procedures are repeated.
3. The top layer is poured with about half a meter (from 40 to 60 cm) layer of mixture with a cone draft of up to 6 cm and compacted until the mortar can penetrate into the masonry.

If you are laying under the bay, consider renting a vibrocompactor. Its use increases the strength of the base by up to about 40%.

"Under the bracket"

It makes no sense to dwell on this technology in particular detail, since it is similar to the “under the shoulder blade” method. The only thing is that in this case the size and shape of the stones should be almost the same. Such a foundation will be more expensive and take more time. Therefore, “under the bracket” make such elements as piers and poles.

In many cases, it is necessary to observe the dressing of the sutures. Masonry rubble "under the bay" does not require this. It is also important to fill the voids: otherwise, water can get into them and destroy the structure.

Reinforced concrete structure

This base is slightly different from the previous one. The main advantage of this option is that here you can strengthen the structure with the help of reinforcement frames. A rubble concrete strip foundation is created as follows:

1. A 15 cm layer is poured. It needs to be left for a while so that it grabs well enough.
2. Formwork is created. There are some features here: for example, reinforcing beams are installed with great frequency.
3. A second layer 25 cm thick is poured on top. Stones are sunk into it (about half). This layer should not have sharp corners that could damage the waterproofing.
4. Again, a concrete layer of the same thickness is poured, the mixture is pressed until the bubbles disappear. Further, the stones are also sunk.
5. The steps are repeated until a rubble concrete foundation of the desired height is created. The last concrete layer should cover all the stones. Now you need to leave the base to dry. If work is carried out in the summer, the structure must be covered with something (for example, a tarpaulin) and watered from time to time. Drying takes about 4 weeks. After that, you can start pouring the leveling screed. Everything, the creation of a small-scale rubble concrete foundation is ready.

The concrete foundation provides for a mixture that is created in approximately the following proportions: crushed stone - 5 parts, sand - 3, cement - 1. Bandaging, by the way, is not required here.

Not at all times the foundation was built of concrete, because it was simply previously inaccessible and unknown to mankind. In those days, wild stone was used for the construction of the foundation, the use of which is observed at the present time.

The stone foundation of the house with their own hands attracts the attention of many owners of future structures and buildings. The reasons for the use of a stone foundation may be as follows:

1. These are local traditions.
2. And the cheapness of this building. After all, the material for construction, that is, stone, can either be purchased at an inexpensive cost, or you can find it for free.

Regardless of the driving reason, you need to figure out how to properly build a solid foundation.

General characteristics of the stone

Construction of foundations from various materials: a - rubble; b - rubble concrete; c - brick on rubble concrete; g - brick; e - rubble on a sand cushion; e - brick on butu; 1 - waterproofing layer; 2 - walls; 3 - lining.

Stones are durable and very durable materials. With it, you can not only make a foundation, but build a wall, build a barbecue, barbecue and much more. Today it is actively used in landscape design, in addition, it is used as a facing material.

Such a widespread use of this material for building a house became possible due to a number of its properties, such as strength, durability, aesthetics, environmental friendliness, resistance to all kinds of influences.

But not every stone is suitable for building work for the home. For example, exfoliating and soft rocks will not be able to give the necessary strength to the foundation. That is why it is necessary to use a rubble stone for the base, which is fragments of irregularly shaped rocks. For the convenience of laying in work, it is better to use stones with a flat shape. Bonding of stones occurs with the help of cement mortar. If the stones are very large, then for work they will have to be split and hewn.

Back to index

Advantages of rubble foundation

The special strength of this material allows to achieve a service life of up to 150 years. There are many examples of structures made of natural stone several hundred years ago. Rubble stone is not afraid of temperature changes, it is resistant to groundwater and other natural phenomena.

But in order to enjoy all the advantages of this material, it is necessary to make a lot of labor efforts that will be required to complete this work. differ in massiveness, as well as in large size, in comparison with concrete structures, which, with a reinforced reinforcing cage, can withstand the same load.

The use of stone for a house is justified only if the price for it is significantly lower than the cost of a concrete base, otherwise the work will not make any sense, why spend a lot of energy and effort if there is no benefit. We must not forget that working with stone is much more difficult than the construction of concrete structures. Before performing such work, it is necessary to assess your strengths and abilities in relation to the performance of this kind of work.

Back to index

Necessary materials and tools

In the process of work, the following materials and tools will be required, which are prepared in advance:

Instrumentation: a - plumb; b - square; in - roulette; g - folding meter.

1. Stones of various shapes.
2. Small rubble.
3. Cement mortar.
4. Chisel (sledgehammer).
5. Perforator.
6. Reinforced mesh (metal hooks).
7. Glue.
8. Sand.

Work, subject to the exact sequence, can be done by hand, although it is better to seek the help of specialists in order to provide a reliable foundation for future construction, because the foundation is the most important detail in any building. All materials are purchased in advance in the required quantity.

Back to index

The process of laying stone in the foundation of a house

Rubble stone is used for laying both in the trench and in the formwork. necessary only in cases where the soil crumbles. In this case, the use of roofing material, roofing felt and other sheet and roll materials is allowed. It is important that the soil does not get inside the foundation, otherwise the adhesion of the stone to the mortar will be fragile.

They are installed below the level that the soil freezes through, this is especially true. This necessity is explained by the fact that the rubble foundation does not use a reinforcing mesh, and in case of severe frost it is possible together with the soil. This fact applies to heaving and moisture-saturated soils, if the soil is dry, then to obtain sufficient strength, the foundation is made no less than 50 cm. It is important to decide all these nuances at the stage of projecting the building.

The technology for making a stone foundation is as follows. A sand cushion is created at the bottom of the trench. To create the first row, it is necessary to select stones with a more regular shape, for this you can use a chisel or a sledgehammer. The masonry is carried out with a strong indentation into the sand to ensure the stability of the position, because the resulting structure should not sway. The width of the foundation should be about 20 cm more than the height.

Experienced experts recommend soaking the stone for an hour in water before use. The stone on the foundation for the house is saturated with moisture and adheres better to the cement mortar, and on the other hand, this allows you to clean the stone from excess particles. It is important to wait until the stone is completely dry before applying.

The device of blind areas: 1 - cement mortar; 2 - gutter; 3 - broken brick; 4 - clay; 5 - soil; 6 - foundation.

To build a stone foundation for a house, you need to choose stones of the correct shape, especially to create the first rows (the desired shape is given with a chisel or sledgehammer).

All voids that will be formed between the stones must be filled with small pebbles, then the created structure is poured with liquid cement. At the top, a layer of cement-sand mortar is created, on which the next row is installed.

It is important, when creating masonry at home, to select stones of this shape and size in order to get as few gaps as possible. In the process of work, dressing must be observed (in the likeness of brickwork), otherwise the whole structure will easily crumble, and such a foundation cannot be called strong.

All formed spaces are covered with fine gravel from the same stone that is used in construction. This action allows you to make a drainage layer necessary to divert water from the foundation.

If the construction provides for the option of creating reinforcement, then the use of a wire or a vertical rod is acceptable. In the case when the walls of the building will be made of heavy material (concrete blocks, bricks), then it is desirable to make the upper part reinforced: a reinforced mesh is placed and everything is poured with mortar.

In the process of the device, it is necessary to provide holes for ventilation, thereby preventing further use of the perforator.

In cases where the stone is not used to create the entire foundation of the house, but only to give it a rich and beautiful appearance, they simply get rid of the outer (outer) layer. In this embodiment, the stone is cut into flat tiles, which are glued to the foundation with glue. In cases where the stones are large and heavy, then they are fastened with metal hooks and a reinforcing mesh.

As a result of many archaeological excavations, a large number of preserved foundations of ancient houses were found. All of them were made of stone and have survived to this day in good condition. This suggests that a stone foundation may be more reliable than other types of foundations. Moreover, such structures do not need additional finishing. It is worth noting that do-it-yourself stone foundations for houses are created by many owners of suburban areas.

General characteristics of the material

The stone belongs to strong and durable materials. That is why it is often used for the construction of various types of buildings. For example, from stone are created:

• foundations;
• Houses;
• barbecues.

Also, this material is often used for cladding buildings. The stone has properties such as aesthetics, environmental friendliness and resistance to environmental influences.

But it is worth remembering that some types of stones are not suitable for creating a foundation. An example is soft and stratified rocks. From such material it is impossible to make a reliable foundation. That is why builders choose rubble stone. This material is rock fragments that can have a different shape. The fastening of all elements of the foundation of the house occurs with the help of cement mortar. When choosing such a material, it should be borne in mind that some of the stones have to be split and hewn.

Advantages and disadvantages of rubble stone

Making a decision on the choice of rubble stone for creating a foundation is only after considering all the characteristics of this material. This is necessary, since creating the base of a house from this material is a rather complicated process. It is important to remember that in order to create an even and solid foundation, it is necessary to carefully select stones in size and shape so that there are no voids in the structure being created.

Most often, a rubble stone foundation is created if you need to build a high foundation for a house. This material has the following advantages:

1. Environmental friendliness.
2. Strength and durability. Subject to all the rules for creating this type of base, you can not worry about the deformation of the structure for many decades.
3. Water resistance. Even when using stone in regions with high humidity, it will not affect the condition of the stone foundation.
4. Attractive appearance. The foundations for a house made of natural stone do not need to be finished.

But it is worth remembering the disadvantages:

1. Difficulties during the construction of a stone foundation. When creating a foundation for a house, it is necessary to carefully calculate the load on the structure. At the same time, during construction, it is necessary to accurately select stones so that they are suitable for installation in a particular place.
2. Duration of construction. The creation of the foundation can take a long time, since the fixing of each stone requires careful attention to work.
3. The complexity of the calculations. Before starting the construction of the foundation for the house, quite complex calculations are made. If this is not done, the foundation may be less reliable.

It is also worth noting that the material has a high cost, so only a small number of owners use it when creating their homes. If desired, you can reduce the cost of the structure - the base, which is in the ground, is made of rubble stone, and the upper part is made of brick. But when choosing this option, it must be remembered that the technology for laying these materials is very different.

Many owners of country houses, instead of using natural stone, use decorative ones to create the base.

Preparatory work

During the design of the structure, it must be taken into account that the foundation must be located below the level of soil freezing. After drawing up the project, the territory is marked for digging trenches.

When creating trenches, it must be remembered that their dimensions should slightly exceed the values ​​\u200b\u200bspecified in the project. This is necessary, since after digging ditches, their walls may partially crumble. To prevent this, you need to make formwork from wood or metal.

Creating a sand cushion

After the formwork is securely fixed, sand is filled in. The pillow should consist of several layers, each of which is moistened and compacted. After that, a waterproofing material is laid on the sand. Roofing material is usually used, the sheets of which are overlapped. This prevents the loss of moisture in the concrete pavement during its hardening.

If you do not have experience in performing such work, it is best to create a strip foundation, since during the construction of the pillars, even a small mistake can lead to their destruction during operation.

Stone laying rules

For the construction of the foundation of the house, cobblestones with horizontal surfaces are selected. Such elements are easy to combine into a single design. Such stones form the basis on which the foundation will be created. The stones installed in the first layer should not stagger, otherwise the foundation will be less reliable.

If there are no cobblestones with even edges, natural defects can be eliminated with a hammer. During the indentation of cobblestones into the sand layer, depressions are formed. To eliminate them, the sand layer should be re-tamped with the addition of crushed stone or pebbles. The space between the stones is covered with fine gravel. Compaction occurs until the surface is even. Only after this, the pouring of the cement mortar begins. Having made a stone foundation with your own hands, you can not worry about its durability, since such structures can last more than a hundred years and do not need to be repaired.

Using certain work algorithms, you can speed up the process of creating a stone foundation. Professional builders give the following recommendations:

1. If the trenches have gentle slopes, they can be used to supply concrete and stones. In the presence of steep slopes, it is necessary to create scaffolds.
2. Before starting work, it is necessary to prepare places intended for communications. This will reduce the time of creating the foundation of the house.
3. Before starting work, it is necessary to accurately calculate the amount of building materials used.
4. Periodically, it is worth mixing the created solution with a building vibrator.
5. If work is interrupted for more than a day, you need to make a coating over the structure that will protect it from drying out.
6. After a break in work, it is necessary to clean the base. You also need to wet it with water. If this is not done, the adhesion of materials will deteriorate.
7. If the laying of the base continues after the cement has already set, it must be pricked with a sharp object, and then the fragments should be removed. This will also improve grip.

The mortar for creating a stone base should be prepared from cement grade M400 or M500. So that after drying the base does not crack, it is necessary to check the sand for the presence of clay and, if necessary, clean it. You also need to remove any debris that may be contained in the sand.

It is worth remembering that cement and sand are mixed first, and then water is added. The consistency of the resulting solution should be such that it looks like sour cream. Finishing the foundation is usually not done, as the created structure looks beautiful and blends with many styles of site design. Often the basement of a house on a stone foundation is made of bricks.

To improve the performance of the building during its construction, they try to use natural materials. One of them is rubble stone. This solid rock has many advantages, which is why it is very popular with builders. Its extraction is carried out by natural and artificial means. The stones themselves have a fairly strong structure, therefore they are used as a basis for building the foundation of a building. The foundation of rubble stones has been known in architecture for a long time. With proper observance of the technology, its laying can be done with your own hands, without the help of construction companies. We will talk about how to make a rubble foundation later in the article.

Rubble stone is a natural material with a dense structure. Under this name, it is customary to combine pieces of rock of any shape and size. This material has been used in construction for more than two thousand years. Almost all ancient buildings of St. Petersburg and Moscow have a base made of rubble. Today, a rubble foundation for a house, due to its excellent strength and reliability characteristics, is popular throughout Russia.

The main characteristics of rubble stone and the base from it are as follows:

• The average diameter of rubble stone is 30-50 cm.
• Rubble stone is mined naturally or artificially (by explosion of rocky rocks).
• The weight of one cobblestone averages 25-45 kg.
• Rubble cobblestones are of volcanic or metamorphic origin, this is reflected in the natural beauty of the material.

Considering the variety of types and qualitative characteristics of stone, the scope of its application in the construction and decoration of buildings is quite extensive. So, it is used for the construction of the foundation and walls of the house, as well as in landscape design and for facing all kinds of surfaces. From this material, not only houses are built, but also various economic structures.

Depending on the shape and structure, the following types of rubble stones are distinguished:

• Ragged. Such cobblestones have an irregular and asymmetrical shape. The edges of these stones are sharp.
• Bedded. The shape of such cobblestones, as well as torn ones, is asymmetrical. However, they have one smooth surface.
• Plitnyakovy. These cobblestones have two even and smooth surfaces.

Advantages and disadvantages of rubble foundation

Before you build a foundation of rubble stone, you should familiarize yourself with its strengths and weaknesses.

The advantages of a rubble foundation are as follows:

Rubble stone can be used to build very high and strong foundations. Such material is excellent for arranging bases in the construction of private houses with a large area.

• Environmental friendliness. Since rubble stone is a natural material, it is environmentally friendly and safe.
• Rubble bases are quite reliable and durable. This is due to the high strength and reliability of the stone.
• Foundations built from rubble cobblestones are considered wear-resistant. Suitable for homes of all shapes and sizes. Strengthening the rubble foundation is required very rarely.
• Moisture resistance. The base of rubble stone is not afraid of flooding with melt and groundwater.
• The cut stone has a very beautiful structure, so there is no need for additional external finishing of the rubble base.
• Rubble cobblestones are easily combined with other materials during construction. For example, part of the base, located above ground level, can be built from bricks, and the lower half from rubble. Thanks to the possibility of combining materials, you can save on construction.
• Buton-filled foundations are quite strong and can stand for several decades without much repair. It is also worth noting the frost resistance of such a base, due to the excellent qualities of natural stone.

The disadvantages of the rubble foundation are as follows:

• The process of building a rubble base requires a significant investment of time and effort. The laying of a rubble foundation is impossible if there are no elementary skills in performing construction work.
• The cost of construction. Since rubble stone is a natural material, its price is quite high.
• Preparatory work before the construction of the basis is quite complex. First of all, it is not easy to calculate how much rubble stone will be required for construction. In addition, it is important to correctly measure the level of groundwater and soil freezing.
• When building a foundation, it is necessary to lay rubble stones in a trench manually. It is simply impossible to automate the work at this stage.
• The complexity of the construction of this type of foundation lies in the fact that sometimes you have to work with cobblestones of large size and irregular shape, from which you can lay out an even structure with great difficulty.

• The disadvantage of such a foundation is the erosion of its connections. Water penetrates the cement and expands in frost, destroying the concrete. Over time, the wind blows out the destroyed grains of concrete, which can lead to the destruction of the masonry. It's pretty easy to deal with this. You just need to provide a denser laying of stone with a smoother joint surface. Moisture-repellent mixtures are also applied to the surface of the binding solution, which will protect them from atmospheric residues.
• Also, a problem with a stone foundation may appear when its calculated strength does not match the weight. In this case, it will need to be strengthened. Work to increase strength may be required even when the soil on the site shows signs of mobility or a heavier structure is being built next to the house. However, the main advantage of stone foundations is that they can be repaired and strengthened.

Technology for the construction of rubble foundations

Planning and design

The process of building a private house is quite complicated. And it usually starts with a sketch. A person has a desire to have his own house, after which he begins to imagine how he would like to see it, perhaps even making some sketches on his own. If the fantasy is too clear or, on the contrary, it does not exist at all, then specialized magazines can help in the design process. Also for these purposes catalogs of projects of construction companies are used. In addition, the house can combine ideas from several standard projects.

After designing, they move on to budgeting. It is important to choose the right list of materials that will be used in further construction.

The main design stages are as follows:

• First of all, you need to inspect the area where you have to lay the rubble foundation with your own hands. So, the necessary measurements, geodetic reconnaissance should be made, the composition of the soil and its relief should be studied. In general, the soil must correspond to the specifics of the future building.
• The next step is to start the conceptual design. At this stage, a draft design of the future house and its foundation is being made. Then you should draw up a feasibility study, which should indicate all the main characteristics of the foundation.
• The next step is detailed design. According to the finished sketches, drawings are made and they are included in the working design documentation.

Preparatory work

A stone foundation is erected in two ways:

1. Concreting with laying rubble stone. In this case, the latter acts as a reinforcing belt, which is poured with concrete.
2. Rubble stone laying. In this case, the main part of the foundation is stone, which, like brick, is laid on cement mortar.

Before starting work on the trench, preparatory measures should be carried out. Laying stone differs significantly from the installation of bricks due to its uneven size and shape. Therefore, before starting work, you should:

• Sort the material into fractions: large, medium and small stone.
• Prepare a fine mesh for reinforcing the stone foundation.
• To speed up the masonry process, prepare a wooden formwork that could move in height.

The procedure for the construction of rubble foundations

The procedure for the construction of rubble foundations:

1. Work begins with the construction of a trench for laying the foundation. It should be noted that its width should be at least 2.5 m. This is due to the fact that the dimensions of the stone are quite large, so the foundation tape will be at least 0.45-0.6 m.
2. A gap should be left on each side of the tape (0.7 m on the inside, 1.2 m on the outside). Thanks to this, it will be much easier to rearrange the formwork and open the seams. The outer gap will be filled with sand fill. At the bottom of the trench, you can not lay a layer of sand and gravel.
3. The erection of formwork and its type depend on the type of foundation being built. For concreting with laying stone, a full-fledged formwork is erected with a height that is equal to the height of the base.
4. A polyethylene film is stretched over the inner surface of the shields. It will prevent concrete from flowing through the gaps in the shields, and will also prevent the wood from absorbing moisture. Due to this, the solution will dry out gradually, gaining the necessary strength.
5. For laying stone concrete, a small formwork is needed, which can be lifted up as the wall is erected. It is not recommended to use trench walls as formwork.

Rubble stone laying

The laying of rubble stone is different from brick. In order for the further construction of the walls to be simpler, and the walls to rest normally on the foundation, the surface of the stones of the upper row should be as even as possible. To do this, they need to be selected and sorted.

Stone laying technology is as follows:

1. A polyethylene film is laid at the bottom of the trench.
2. Then a bed 30-50 mm thick is made from the solution.
3. Two longitudinal rows of cobblestones are laid on it. They should be about the same size.
4. Then the bed is laid up again and leveled.
5. After that, the outer or inner side is ligated with a bond row.
6. The next row is laid with a poke on the other side.
7. Then 2 longitudinal rows are laid again.
8. Corners are necessarily tied with whole or three-quarter stones.

Some specialists, by analogy with brickwork, wet the stone in water. It is not necessary to do this. Unlike brick, stone does not go through the firing process, therefore it has natural moisture.

When laying the stone, it is necessary to ensure that the voids are filled with mortar. To do this, it must be quite plastic. To achieve this consistency, plasticizers or detergents are used in the preparation of the solution.

Concreting with stone

The technology for pouring concrete with buta is as follows:

1. A layer of mortar 200–300 mm thick is poured onto the bottom of the trench.
2. Then the bottle is laid out with a layer of 200 mm.
3. The stones are sunk into the solution using a reinforcing bar or a vibrator with a special nozzle.
4. The last 500 mm of the foundation are poured without the use of rubble. Steel rods are used as a reinforcing belt.

Rubble foundation: installation video