MBDOU d / s No. 8 ___________________________________________________________________
Synopsis of the open GCD in the senior group
on the topic: “Soil is a living earth. Who creates the soil?
Prepared by: teacher
Vurdikhanova Tatyana Ramazanovna
Makhachkala, 2017
TOPIC OF THE LESSON: Soil is a living earth. Who creates the soil?
TARGET : familiarization of children with the concept of "soil" on the basis of experiments, its composition and value for all inhabitants of the flora and fauna of the Earth;
Tasks:
1) cognitive research
To form in children an idea of \u200b\u200bthe importance of soil in nature; To acquaint with the composition of the soil, with some of its properties.
Exercise in the ability to analyze;
To form cognitive activity, interest in objects of animate and inanimate nature;
2) speech
Activate the dictionary through the words: fertile, breathable, water-permeable, humus, impurities;
3)Communicative:
To form communication skills, to cultivate a sense of empathy, a desire to provide assistance.
4) motor:
give the opportunity to actively move through the alternation of activities: conversation, experiments, physical minutes., work with the model "soil-relationship with the environment",
5) perception of folklore: proverbs about the earth.
Preliminary work:reading and examining illustrations for the story by E. N. Uspersky "Uncle Fyodor the cat and the dog." View presentation "Soil".
Equipment and materials:scheme-poster "soil composition";, scheme-poster "soil-relationship with the environment""; for experiments: soil samples (sandy, clayey, fertile, black soil), glasses of water, magnifiers, spoons, napkins; proverbs, surprise- apples from the magic tree.
Methodical methods:
questions for children
experimentation;
study;
use of physical education
Preliminary work:
observations on a walk for the soil;
STUDY PROCEDURE.
Organizing time:
(The teacher invites the children to the circle.)
Guys, where does a good mood begin? (With a smile, with good deeds, with wonderful surprises.)
Invented by someone simply and wisely:
at a meeting to say hello: "good morning!"
good morning sun and stars
good morning smiling faces.
and everyone becomes kind, smiling.
let the good morning last until the evening.
Motivational-orienting stage:
Guys, a letter has come to the address of our group.(The teacher opens the envelope, reads the letter).Guys, this is a letter from Prostokvashino from Uncle Fyodor. He writes that they have problems. Matroskin and Sharik planted vegetables, but the harvest did not grow well everywhere. Uncle Fedor asks us to figure out why it happened. Do you want to help him?
Search stage: how can we help him. Let's reason.
where vegetables grow (children's answers).
What is earth?
What do you think kids? (children's answers).
Of course, you are right, the word earth has many meanings - this is also the name of our planet on which we live, the fertile layer on our planet. We will talk about the earth on which everything grows, about the mother earth, our nurse. this is a capacious word! the earth is a nurse, the earth is a drinker, the mother is the earth. so we respectfully and affectionately call our native land. We all walk the earth. In dry weather, we grumble that there is a lot of dust, and in rainy weather, that it is too dirty. But dust and dirt is not just earth. Under our feet is the soil - this is its correct name -
She waters and feeds the plants, and they give her their dry leaves.
You ask why?
The fact is that the soil is only where plants grow and vice versa, the plants themselves create the soil.
How does it happen? Let's remember you.
How many of you have seen the leaves fall from the trees in autumn?
And where do they go then? (children's answers)
The secret is that all these fallen leaves and branches rot, and various underground inhabitants are involved in this, invisible to our eyes. And who remembers what animals are involved in the creation of humus? Worms, slugs and snails, wood lice and centipedes, tiny earth mites, the size of a grain of sand, microscopic fungi and bacteria, and as a result of their activity, humus is formed - a nutrient soil layer.
What do you think soil is made of? (children's answers)
The soil consists of: sand, clay, humus, there is water, air in the soil
Now we will check this experimentally.
Guys, in order to make a description of the soil, you need to conduct experiments. To do this, I suggest that you become a scientist-researcher.
Who knows what scientists do?(Explore, observe, conduct experiments.)To conduct experiments, scientists need a laboratory. Let's go to the laboratory and sit down at the tables. Scientists often consult with each other, discuss their research, so we will also agree with you on what to do, to help each other.
(Children come to the tables. On the tables there are bowls of earth, glasses of water, spoons, napkins, magnifiers, funnels, cotton pads, cups,
Practical stage:
You have objects for research on the tables. List exactly what.(Children's answers).
children considersoil appearanceand give a description. What needs to be done to describe the appearance of the soil?(smell, examine, touch).
EXPERIENCE 1:
we need to know if there is air in the soil? How can we do this?It is located between lumps and lumps of soil in free places. And to prove it to you, let's do an experiment.: Let's take a glass of water and throw a lump of soil into it. If there is air in it, then we will see bubbles that will rise to the top.
What conclusion can be drawn from the result of the experiment? (there is air in the soilessential for plant life.It is breathed by many animals of the underworld
EXPERIENCE 2. Soil composition
Mix the soil in a glass of water. After a while, we will see that sand settled at the bottom of the glass, the water turned cloudy from above due to clay, and garbage floats on the surface, plant roots - this is humus.
Conclusion: The soil in its composition has: humus, sand, clay.
EXPERIENCE 3. We also said that there is water in the soil, which is why plants grow..
Where does it come from in the soil? (children's answers)
It's all right, kids. Water enters the soil when it rains or during irrigation. It penetrates deep into and remains in free places between soil particles.
We collect some soil in a test tube and heat it, covering the mold with glass, and look at the glass.
Conclusion : On the glass we see water droplets that have evaporated as a result of calcining the soil, which means that there is water in the soil ..
We learned that there is water and air in the soil, which means you can live there.
Tell me, please, what soil inhabitants do you know?
Who lives underground? (children's answers)
The soil provides shelter for many plants and animals.MOLE, EARTHWORM , ANTS, FIELD MOUSE (VELE), MEDVEDKA .
Today it is cloudy, but a cheerful song about the sun calls us to have a little rest!
PHYSICAL MINUTE: "The sun is radiant."
Well done!
Children are invited to their seats. Do you think that only plants need soil? (children's answers) Let's go to the poster and see why the soil is important and for whom?
Poster conversation.
What soil do plants grow best in? Why?
Children's answers.
Chernozem contains many useful nutrients. On it, plants grow and develop best.
The teacher sums up the lesson.
Guys, on what soil do you need to grow crops? What will we write to Uncle Fyodor?
Children's answers.
Today at the lesson you got acquainted with the concept of "soil", please remind me what it is? What does it consist of, who lives in it? (children's answers)
How can we save the soil for these creatures? What we can do?
(do not pollute the soil, water with clean water, do not make fires, do not trample plants, protect the "underground inhabitants" - because the soil needs them.
Reflective-evaluative stage:
After the experiments, an analysis of the soil survey is carried out and the results are summarized using the sequin table.
1- "soil",
2-how can you describe the soil?(fertile, free-flowing.
3-What it does.-passes and holds, nourishes.)
4-Where there is no earth, there is no grass.
5- soil is life.
Dear guys, you did a good job, helped Uncle Fyodor, found out what our land consists of, that it is fertile and it gives you a surprise - a whole basket of fragrant, ripe, ruddy apples, because you take care of her, and she loves you.
We align with nature
What to do? Of course, to grow, groom, cherish the inhabitants of the soil, and loosen, only loosen the soil so as not to harm them! Instead of a shovel, you will use a Fokine flat cutter. It has a pointed end, so you will make furrows first along, then across, deepening it into the soil by about 5 cm. Then, with the flat part of the flat cutter, slightly dig this layer.
If necessary, then disassemble with a rake. By the way, a rake can also be used to loosen the topsoil. A manual cultivator is best suited for such surface tillage, which, in addition to the wheels loosening the soil, also has a cutting plate.
You can do this work with a sharpened chopper, a weeder "Swift" and other devices. There are quite a few of them on sale right now. The only requirement for such tools is that they must be very well sharpened. And don't believe in self-sharpening. The tool must be sharpened before each use, then the work will go smoothly. These tools should not be buried deeper than 5 cm into the soil, and they should not mix the formations. You can dig with an ordinary shovel, but only superficially.
Don't worry about the roots, they will find their way into the deeper layers, penetrating into the microchannels left from the root system of previous occupants (if you haven't destroyed them by digging). So the roots do not need deep digging.
Why do you need humus? Humus is the most valuable component of any soil. It is created by earthworms and soil microorganisms. Therefore, a completely reliable indicator of soil fertility is the number of earthworms living in it. The more of them, the more fertile the soil. The more humus, the darker the color of the soil.
Humus- complex organo-mineral formation. Its main part is humic acids and fulvates.
Humic acids"glue" like synthetic glue the smallest lumps of soil into aggregates that do not stick together. Thus, a soil structure is created in which water and air easily penetrate into the soil thickness between these aggregates.
Fulvates carry a negative electrostatic charge on their surface and attract positively charged ions of chemical elements in the soil solution, in particular, nitrogen. That is, they help to saturate the soil with minerals.
One square meter of soil 25 cm thick (arable layer) weighs about 250 kg. If the humus in the soil is about 4%, then these 250 kg contain only 10 kg. During the season, the roots of plants destroy about 200 g of humus from each square meter of the arable layer. To restore it, you will need to annually apply a bucket (5 kg) of humus per meter of soil surface. If, instead of humus, a green mass of green manure, weeds, grass, leaves or other unripe organic matter is introduced, then their amount should be tripled.
Sometimes the question is asked: Where is it better to apply organic matter - in the top layer of soil or in the bottom? It is economically more expedient to introduce it into the lower soil layer. That is, to increase the fertile soil layer from below. At the depth of the shovel bayonet, 6 times more humus is formed than in the upper layer with the same amount of organic matter added. But digging is permissible only in a layer of 5 cm. How to be?
If your soil is very poor(gray color indicates that there is only 2% humus in the soil), the first digging should be done as follows. Mark out the garden. In order not to trample the soil, lay a board across the bed, moving it away from the edge by the width of a shovel bayonet. Standing on the board, take out the soil and pile it near the end of the bed. Loosen the bottom layer with a fork. Fill the excavated trench with green mass of weeds or cut grass and move the board further. Now the soil taken out of the next trench, without turning over, is folded onto the green mass. Loosen the bottom layer in the second trench with a pitchfork, put the green mass into it, move the board even further, and so on until the end of the bed. When the last trench is filled with green mass, transfer the soil to it, which was taken out of the very first trench and folded near the end of the bed. The most important thing in such digging is not to turn the soil over. In all subsequent years, you will bring the green mass of weeds or sawdust, leaves and other organic matter to the surface of the garden. Then it will need to be lightly sprinkled with earth or dug together with the top layer of soil to a depth of no more than 5 cm. This work is best done at the end of summer or early autumn, so that most of the organic matter has time to rot by spring.
But what if you have solid clay or heavy loam in your area? Moreover, do not dig. Often in books it is recommended to add sand and organic matter to clay soils. But the one who did this knows that the sand goes deeper after a season, and clay comes to the surface again. You will need to annually apply a bucket of sand and a bucket of organic matter per square meter of soil surface for 12-15 years, until, finally, the land becomes more or less suitable for a vegetable garden. Calculations of scientists show that in order to sand just one square meter of clay soils, it will take about 150 kg of sand! And that's just for one square meter! Why do you need such hard labor?
If you have very dense soil, build up a fertile layer from above. That is, put compost in place of the future bed. So that you are not embarrassed by its unpresentable appearance, fence the beds with some kind of slats, poles and sow peas, nasturtium or curly beans in front of them, or plant beans, sunflowers, corn, and cosmea along the perimeter. Leave only on the side you can't see a passageway to fill the pile.
So, without humus in agriculture, "neither there nor here." It will have to be systematically increased, as nature does, by adding organic matter. Moreover, every year the plants themselves return to the soil more than they take out of it.
The easiest way to grow humus is through a compost heap. To accelerate the process of humus formation, live bacteria, which are contained in the preparations "Renaissance" and "Baikal EM-1", should be used. This should be done in the middle of summer.
Why is the land depleted? This is a frequently observed phenomenon. The soil stops working. She is "on strike", crops are falling on her. And then we begin to increase the doses of mineral fertilizers, buy or store manure. But after a while, everything "returns to normal." What's the matter?
Nature does not sow green manure, does not bring manure in such quantities as we do, but from year to year it grows huge forests and meadows, and everything is in order. But the fact is that plants build up organic mass much more than that which they take out, destroying humus, from the soil. That is, they do not deplete, but, on the contrary, increase the fertility of the earth. How do they succeed, and why can't we?
Have you seen nature raking and taking away, and even burning fallen leaves and dead plants? What are we doing? Not only do we take out the nutrients stored in the fruits with the harvest from the soil. And we do not return the stolen goods. We also remove fallen leaves and plant residues, interfering with the normal process of humus restoration. Where does it come from if there is no source material? In addition, endless digging destroys the natural structure of the soil. And in such soil there are practically no inhabitants. Notice how barren soil looks like gray, lifeless dust.
Usually to improve soil fertility it is recommended to sow the field with green manure or leave it to "walk", that is, do not sow anything on it. It, of course, will immediately overgrow with weeds, which, like specially sown green manure, are recommended to be dug up in a year.
Beginning gardeners will ask: what are siderats?
These are plants on whose roots live bacteria that can take nitrogen from the air and accumulate it in the soil. The green above-ground mass, being dug up together with the soil, will add organic matter necessary for the life of microorganisms.
Peas, alfalfa, vetch, clover, lupine can be sown as green manure. It is also recommended to make bacterial preparations of AMB, Azotobacterin, Phosphorobacterin, Nitragin. That is, we are invited to populate the field with bacteria. A "walking" field is by no means kept fallow, that is, "naked". It is populated by plants, and, oddly enough, the tired, depleted soil does not tire further, but is perfectly restored.
Why does it get tired and exhausted with us, but nature does not? Yes, because she does not dig and does not take anything from her fields. Everything returns to the ground, and with large percentages. So let's follow nature, take less, give more. How to do it?
Do not take away weeds from the beds, from under the bushes and trees, but leave them to lie in the aisles and under plantings. Don't worry, in a couple of weeks they will disappear, because the worms will drag them along their paths into the ground. And before that, for some time they will serve as a mulching material, that is, they will cover open places on the soil and will not allow moisture to evaporate from the surface, and the soil structure to collapse. Do not remove roots and aerial parts of plants after harvesting. Leave everything in the garden.
If you are afraid of pathogens on these plant debris, then treat the beds directly on them with Fitosporin. The live bacterium-predator, which is in this preparation, will "eat" the pathogens of any fungal and bacterial diseases during the fall. She, unlike the bacteria mentioned above, dies not at one degree of frost, but at minus 20 degrees. If the winter turns out to be warm, then it will safely overwinter in the soil and will continue to serve as an orderly in your beds. And if the winter still falls severe, then there is usually a lot of snow, and under this fur coat she has a great chance to survive.
Of course, pests wintering under plant debris cannot be destroyed in this way, but you can also find control over them if you take good care of your pets.
So, the reason for the impoverishment of the soil lies in the unreasonable land use. If, however, all the time only take nutrients out of the soil along with the crop, then nothing will remain in it. You have to return sometime.
G. Kizima, gardener
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Ecology of consumption. Homestead: Fertile soil is so easy to make that it's hard to believe, so we're still looking for magic fertilizer...
Now for most people, fertile soil is a utopia. A purely consumer approach to growing plants destroys the fertile soil layer. Most agronomists think that fertile soil is soil of a certain chemical composition. Such an idea is fundamentally wrong, and it is precisely this that leads to the destruction of the soil.
Everyone knows that the fertile layer near the soil is relatively small, and is located on the surface of the earth. If you dig a two-meter hole in the ground, you can see with the naked eye that there is no fertile soil at its bottom, although if we assume that soil fertility is determined by its chemical composition, then at such a depth, on the contrary, it should be more fertile, because plants don't get there.
Also, everyone knows that for the normal development of plants, the soil in which they grow must be loose. Here, AGRONOMS AGAIN TAKE US IN THE WRONG and said that for this we need to dig it up regularly. Digging up the soil, we first make earth out of it, then sand and, finally, dust. And then we breathe it all in.
Another mistake is how do we plant plants. Different plants consume and produce different micronutrients. If different plants grow mixed in the garden, then they work for each other and practically do not require care. And if the entire garden is filled with plants of the same species, then they begin to fight among themselves for a place under the sun. As a result, we get diseased plants from a lack of trace elements. We are trying to cure them with chemistry, again on the advice of agronomists, and we enter into a vicious circle.
So, should we all go beat the agronomists for giving us false information? You can of course go, but it will not solve the problem. A more reasonable action is to figure out for yourself what determines the fertility of the soil. It's worth it - if we manage to copy the behavior of Nature- because now only she makes the soil fertile, then you will no longer need to bend your back in the garden - everything will grow there by itself. Tempting? Go ahead.
FERTILITY SOIL IS A LIVING ORGANISM and not just a collection of chemical elements. The fact that it contains many trace elements is a side effect of its "aliveness". In order to increase the fertility of the soil, it is necessary to increase its "vitality", and the necessary microelements come to the living soil themselves. Can't believe it? There is no mysticism here, but only the exact laws of Nature.
Firstly, fertile soil is not earth. The earth is an integral part of it, but it is only a frame on which a fertile layer is formed.
Let's figure it out first, how to loosen soil. It's simple - you need to plant annual plants with long roots in it several times in a row. When their long roots die, there will be passages due to which the soil will be loose.
Now let's figure it out where to get trace elements that plants need. There are no problems here either. you just need not to leave the beds bare under the scorching sun. Partially weed out the weeds, and partially left, and throw the weeded weeds right here in the garden. Plus, plant plants mixed with each other, and not in separate beds.
The last problem is where to get water. You might be surprised, but there is no problem here either. You just need to overlay the seedlings of our plants with a fifteen-centimeter layer of straw, foliage or needles. This layer is called MULCH.
Most people who use mulch think that it only retains moisture. In fact, it also produces moisture. At the top and bottom of the mulch, the air temperature is different, due to this difference, dew falls on the mulch, which is so necessary for plants.
Dew falls not only in the mulch, but also in the passages left by the roots of old plants, i.e. Annual plants with long roots have a double benefit.
That's the whole technique of soil fertility. As you can see, THERE IS NOTHING COMPLICATED HERE. Fertile soil is so easy to make that it is very hard to believe in this simplicity, so we are still looking for a magical fertilizer that will make our soil fertile. But the truth is that there is no such fertilizer and cannot be. published
