Huawei

21.09.202327.05.2017

The climatic conditions of construction in the II-III climatic regions of the USSR were accepted within the limits of the considered normals, with partial consideration of the specifics of space-planning solutions for the I and IV regions. The following normative documents are taken as the basis for the normals under consideration:

a unified modular system in the construction of EMS (ST SEV 1001-78);
building regulations. Residential buildings. Design standards (SNiP 2.08.01-85);
State standards. Household furniture. Functional dimensions of compartments for storing bedding (GOST 13025.18 - 82). Windows and balcony doors are wooden with double glazing for residential and public buildings. Types, design and dimensions (GOST 11214-78);
assortment of standardized building elements for residential and public buildings;
catalogs of standardized products.

The normal planning and structural schemes are based on a single modular system using dimensions in the longitudinal and transverse directions that are multiples of 300 and 600 cm modules.

If in the regulatory documents for space-planning solutions of the first non-residential floors, staircase-elevator units there are no strict requirements and variant solutions are allowed, then in the layout of residential apartments the degree of normalization is strictly determined by the scheme of the functional relationship of apartments with the general space-planning structure of the building, its structural and engineering technical solutions, a zoning system for two or three parts of apartments, the position of the kitchen and sanitary unit, and their parameters.

Thus, the planning scheme of a residential building in large-panel structures with a narrow pitch is characterized by the cellularity of the apartment spaces and their uniformity over the entire height of the building, and in frame-panel structures with a wide pitch, the variation in the layout of apartments and their possible variety along the height of the building.

Figure 1.6. Residential house plans.

Residential apartments play a major role in the formation of planning decisions for multi-storey residential buildings. Detached single-family houses are formed primarily from 5-8 corner apartments per floor, grouped around a centrally located staircase-elevator unit. The advantages of corner apartments are characterized by corner ventilation, good visibility, layout structure, etc.

Extended residential buildings, oriented in the latitudinal direction and formed from sections with sets of rooms in apartments 2,2,3,3 or 1,1,1,3,3, are intended for placement in city buildings with a north orientation: staircase-elevator unit and two 3-room apartments (Fig. 1.6). In such apartments, two rooms are oriented to the north and one to the south. The remaining two- or one-room apartments should be oriented to the south. Residential sections of the KOPE series (space-planning layout elements) are formed from a unified staircase-elevator unit - KOPE-1 and half-sections KOPE-2, -3, -4, -5, -6.

Extended residential buildings with meridional orientation consist of row apartments grouped on both sides of a corridor, in the middle of which or at the ends there are stairs. In this case, the number of apartments in a section is determined by the length of the corridor and the method of its lighting.

Complicating the configuration of buildings in plan by installing shifts or protrusions in T-shaped, three- and four-beam sections makes it possible to increase the number of apartments and the total living area without increasing the length of sections, which determines the use of this technique in space-planning solutions for multi-storey residential buildings.

Increasing complexity of building configurations leads to an increase in the perimeter of external walls, an increase in heat loss, and a complication in the organization of construction (placement of installation mechanisms, an increase in their number, Fig. 1.7).

Figure 1.7. Plan of a 20-story residential building.

The planning structure of all types of apartments is characterized by zoning into two groups of premises: common rooms, the kitchen and the front room make up the public part of the apartment, bedrooms with sanitary facilities make up the intimate part of the apartment (Fig. 1.8).

Zoning of apartments is determined by the size of the total area of the apartments and its compactness. For example, in two-three-room apartments it is possible to allocate two zones, and in four-five-room apartments - two or three zones. Zoning an apartment aims to improve its quality by functionally differentiating the premises (bedrooms - for sleeping and relaxing, living rooms - for eating, entertainment and communication between family members and guests).

In the age of the scientific and technological revolution, when there is a tendency to shorten the working day and increase leisure time, expanding the possibility of using it for hobbies, a new quality of apartments has been determined. They must either combine various functions in the premises (arranging niches or storage rooms in the front to accommodate equipment for photo and film classes, cutting, sewing, etc.). or allocate separate rooms that make up the third zone (for example, an office for creative work). The determining factor in choosing the type of apartment is the family, its demographic composition, which has many characteristics (numbers, age, profession, favorite activities, material support, physiological, moral and aesthetic state of the family).

The social level of material production and the volume of housing construction determine the rate of settlement. During the post-war restoration of the housing stock of the USSR, the distribution of housing was carried out according to the n-1 formula, i.e. the number of rooms is one less than the number of family members. In the 80s, it is planned to distribute housing by one room for each family member; with a perspective until 2000 - according to the formula n+1, i.e. the number of rooms is one more than the number of family members.

Figure 1.8. Apartment plans.

The parameters of apartments are determined by SNiP 2.08.01-85, taking into account various climatic, regional, urban and rural conditions (Table 1.1).

In residential buildings in northern climatic regions, an increase in the upper limit of total area by 10% is allowed. Kitchens with electric stoves in one- and two-room small apartments can be reduced to 5 m2. Sanitary facilities in one- and two-room small apartments should be combined, in three or more - separate.

Given in table. 1.1 parameters reflect the trend of improving SNiP planning standards. Table 1.1. Apartment parameters

The main parameters of apartments in residential buildings are: floor height, equal to 2.8 m (from floor to floor), in the northern and southern climatic regions - 3 m; the depth of living rooms is no more than 6 m. The ratio of the areas of light openings to the area of the floor in living rooms and kitchens should be in the range from 1: 5 to 1: 8. When constructing loggias (places for settling in case of fire), a blank partition with a width of at least 1.4 m is provided. The depth of the loggias in the northern climatic regions is set to at least 0.9 m, in the southern - 1.2 m; The area of loggias in the northern regions is 10%, southern -20% and middle -15% of the total area of apartments.

The area of common rooms in one-, two-, three-, four-, five-room apartments is accepted differentially from 15 to 20 m2; bedrooms for parents - 12-13 m2, for two family members 10-11 m2, for one person - 8-9 m2. The parameters of common rooms and bedrooms are taken taking into account the set, dimensions and methods of furniture arrangement. For example, in a common room with double-row placement of furniture, a table 140 cm long (for 4 people) or 210 cm long (for 6 people) is installed with its end facing the wall and a “wall” cabinet set with a depth of 60 cm, a passage of 70 cm. The total length of the installed furniture is 340 cm, which corresponds to the width of the rooms (360 cm) in the axes of the panel structures. In a common room with a three-row arrangement, the furniture is arranged as follows: a round table with a diameter of 120 cm, installed in the middle of the room, two rows of crockery and bookcases 60 and 40 cm wide, and two aisles of 60 cm each.

A bedroom with a single row of furniture, equipped with a bed 160X200 (205) cm, placed with its end perpendicular to the wall, has a passage of 60-65 cm. The minimum width of such a bedroom is 260-270 cm Table 1.2. Modular dimensions When placing furniture in two rows, a bed of size 160X200 (205) cm is installed in the bedroom, placed perpendicular to the wall (passage 60 cm), a wardrobe and a dressing table 60 cm wide - all this makes up the total width of the bedroom equal to 340 cm, which corresponds to the width of the rooms in axes 360 cm. With two single beds measuring 80X200 cm in parallel and a passage between them of 65 cm and an outer passage of 45 cm, the width of the room should be 270 cm. In bedrooms for two family members (two children), it is advisable to place the beds along the walls, in one row on the basis that in the second row along the opposite wall there will be desks for studying.

With this arrangement of furniture with beds, bedside tables measuring 40X40 cm and bed lockers measuring 40X80 cm are blocked. Their position is not regulated. The mixed (corner) arrangement of the beds determines the width of the bedroom, equal to 285-290 cm, i.e., based on the span width of 300 cm.

The front room must be at least 1.4 m wide, the passages from it to the living rooms - 1.1 m wide, to the kitchens - 0.85 m (the configuration and dimensions of the passages must ensure the possibility of horizontal movement of sanitary stretchers measuring 210x70 cm).

Kitchens should be designed with an area of 6 to 9 m2, taking into account the kitchen equipment with an electric stove. In one-room and two-room (small) apartments, entrance to the kitchen from the common room is allowed; a second entrance to the kitchen is not required. Apartments for large families with a two-row arrangement of furniture and a kitchen table for four or more people should be accepted with a width of 270 and 330 cm and a front of equipment of 300 cm .Rice. 1.11. Dimensions of passages in the kitchen

If you characterize the comfort of the kitchen, then you should give preference to the longest possible front of kitchen equipment with a strict sequence of its use. For this purpose, a kitchen with a width of 230 cm and a length of 380 cm is convenient. Project experience in recent years has shown the feasibility of kitchen-dining rooms, that is, the allocation of a separate dining area with the possibility of its direct connection with the common room. If we take into account the equipment of kitchens with electric stoves and ventilation hoods, then this direct connection with the common room increases the comfort of the apartment and the variety of uses of the room.

With the development of technology and equipping the kitchen with electrical equipment (dishwasher, refrigerator, juicer, bread slicer, etc.), the production part of the kitchen-dining room acquires an independent aesthetic significance in the comfort of the apartment. It has become appropriate to place a TV, tape recorder or player in the kitchen. It becomes advisable to create a lock room at the second exit from the kitchen to the hallway and place built-in cabinets in it for storing and using an ironing board, knitting-sewing machines and other items so that the housewife, while in the airlock room, she could use them while observing the process of cooking in the kitchen.

When choosing the parameters of residential premises, the anthropometric characteristics of a person corresponding to a given functional process are taken into account (parameters of a person or a group of people in various poses and positions depending on conditions, time of work, rest and food), nomenclature, type of furniture and equipment, their dimensions.

The size of the kitchen depends on the size of the family. The minimum length is 2.7 m, the width for a single-row arrangement of kitchen equipment and furniture must be at least 1.9 m, for a double-row or corner arrangement - 2.3 m.

Long-term practice of domestic and foreign construction has developed standard solutions for factory-made sanitary cabins with a plan size of 180X270 cm with a separate placement of the bathroom and a combined one with a plan size of 180X210 cm. The listed sanitary cabins are manufactured in a gypsum concrete or asbestos-cement hood mounted on a reinforced concrete pallet. In addition to sanitary equipment, the cabin is equipped with risers for sewerage, cold and hot water supply, and a ventilation unit with a connection pipe to the ventilation ducts. The cabins are installed on the interfloor floors, the joint of the risers is mounted, and the holes in the floors around the risers are sealed.

The standards for summer premises (balconies, loggias) take into account climatic features, functional processes (rest, sleep and economic activity), the size of a person in various positions, the dimensions of outdoor furniture, and sanitary and technical standards for illumination of residential premises.

In high-rise residential buildings, the wind load is mainly borne by the façade, so the design primarily includes loggias with blind fences of permanent structures 120 cm high at a distance of 5-6 cm from the edge of the floor slab.

In climatic regions II-III on the southern sides and in climatic region IV on the eastern and western sides of buildings in loggias, sliding or tilt-adjustable, visor, vertically adjustable and cellular sun-protection devices should be installed.

Lighting, power, telephone, radio and television, signal and fire networks are important in creating the comfort of apartments. When designing a lighting network, one lamp is calculated for every 4-5 m2. In common rooms and the parent's bedroom, a ceiling chandelier, a floor lamp and wall sconces should be provided; in the bedroom for two teenagers there is a ceiling chandelier, wall sconces and table lamps; in kitchens - a ceiling lamp, a wall sconce and a fluorescent lamp above the work table; in the front rooms there is a ceiling lamp and a wall sconce. When arranging a dressing room, pantry or room for amateur activities, it is necessary to provide a wall fluorescent lamp. Ceiling lamps can be stationary, with variable height and variable suspension (movement).

Rice. 1.9. Location and distance between pieces of furniture in bedrooms
Rice. 1.10. Dimensions of kitchens with placement of equipment and furniture

Design and calculation of multi-storey civil buildings and their elements.

Nechaev Eduard Aleksandovich, student
Northern Arctic Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov

LAYOUT
DESIGN
WOODEN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
SPACE-PLAYING SOLUTION
INDIVIDUAL RESIDENTIAL HOUSE

The article discusses the requirements and recommendations for choosing a space-planning solution when designing an individual residential building. The article also describes the importance of the design process, both for the individual customer and for the architectural plan and general appearance of the settlement as a whole.

Comparative analysis of the physical, mechanical and thermal insulation characteristics of laminated veneer lumber and rounded logs when choosing materials for the construction of individual residential buildings
Unsteady motion of a plate on the surface of a non-Newtonian fluid
Prospects for the use of non-traditional sealing devices in fire fighting equipment units
On conducting research on the strength characteristics of wooden structures when solving problems of applied mechanics
New technical solutions in restoring the performance of hose systems in a fire

The construction of individual low-rise buildings is developing dynamically and is a promising construction sector in the Russian Federation. 65-75% of the housing stock of low-rise buildings consists of wooden houses, which are distinguished by high environmental performance and price.

Low-rise wooden individual residential buildings are characterized by a very broad typology, which takes into account national and regional characteristics, the possibility of conducting economic activities on the site, as well as the need or, conversely, the optionality of a large area for living.

A space-planning solution when designing a residential building allows at the project stage to significantly individualize the future home in accordance with the tastes of the customer, in addition, it allows you to more rationally design the house in order to reduce construction costs, as well as correctly arrange the premises in accordance with the functional processes in the house.

The process of choosing a space-planning solution itself consists of several stages.

Architectural or design proposals from the customer. At this stage, it is based on the customer’s proposals and requirements that the general character of the future home will be determined. Often this stage comes down to several drawings made by hand.
Breakdown of the entire building into several parts, preliminary design. Typically, this stage includes: floor plan of the house, roof plan, facades, color schemes, orientation to the cardinal directions, size of rooms, breakdown of areas, location of doors, stairs, sanitary facilities and rooms for engineering equipment, in addition, the main building materials are indicated. Also at this stage it is determined how the interior will be decorated.
Project. At this stage, work is being done to develop a more detailed project for an individual residential building with the coordination of all details with the customer: foundation design, design options for external and internal walls, solutions for engineering equipment (heating, gas, electricity, water supply, sewerage). Additionally, non-standard products are being worked on: elements of facades, roofing, carpentry.

The number of stages, as well as their content, may vary depending on the requirements and needs of the customer.

When designing any house, separate zones are identified in advance:

Public. This is an area to which not only the living family has access, but also visitors. This category includes: living room, dining room, bathroom, guest bedroom (if there is one).
Rest zone. This is an area hidden from visitors; this includes the master bedrooms, bathrooms, and dressing rooms.
Economic. The allocation of this zone depends on whether economic activity is carried out on the site. This zone includes utility and technical premises: storerooms, boiler rooms, premises for livestock and poultry, and the like. A distinctive feature of this zone is that there must be a separate exit from it leading directly to the personal plot.

When designing individual housing, it is worth taking care of rational connections between these zones. Optimal layout reduces transit between rooms. For example, the kitchen and dining room must have an adjacent wall, or must be combined into one room. If the house has two floors, then there should be a bathroom on each floor, and both should be located strictly above each other and relatively close to the kitchen, as this reduces communication costs and reduces the risk of damage to the main premises in the event of leaks.

Living rooms are the main part of the house. They have different purposes and are divided into the front (hallway), common (living room) and bedrooms. The most comfortable living rooms have a width-to-depth ratio from 1:1 to 1:1.5. The depth (length from the window) of living rooms must be no less than 3 m and no more than 6 m, width - no less than 2.4 m.

The front room should provide a comfortable entrance and connection to the rooms of the house. The width of the front door must be at least 1.4 m, the minimum area is 3 m 2. Intra-house corridors connecting the entrance hall with the living rooms of the house are assumed to be at least 1.1 m wide, with utility rooms - 0.85 m, height in the presence of mezzanines - 2 m. The hallway can be connected to the living rooms directly, as well as through the hall.

The common room is the largest in area and serves as a place for relaxation and various activities for family members, and for receiving guests. The dimensions of the common room are assigned to be at least 16 m2, the width is at least 3 m. As a rule, it is advisable to locate the common room next to the front room or kitchen. A common room can be spatially combined with doors with wide openings or sliding partitions with a hall, dining room or kitchen.

communication and relaxation (listening to music, watching videos, reading books and magazines);
household work and placement of common household items (vacuum cleaner, etc.);
occasional meals (small coffee table or small table for 4-5 people).

The area of the common room (living room) is determined taking into account the possibility of placing the zones listed above, as well as the arrangement of the minimum necessary furniture and the arrangement of passages.

The bedroom is intended for sleeping, studying, storing clothes, books, and for children to play. The bedroom area is assigned 10-12 m2 for two people and 8 m2 for one. It is advisable that the bedrooms should be impenetrable. In this case, entry from these premises is allowed:

in a pantry or wardrobe;
in the kitchen and restroom in houses where disabled people live;

sleep, storage of clothes and linen, household items;
individual, professional and amateur activities of family members.

For each family member, a sleeping place with dimensions of at least 2x0.8 m is provided. In the bedrooms, except for the matrimonial one, no more than two sleeping places can be placed. In the spouses' bedroom it is allowed to provide a sleeping place for a child under three years of age.

The kitchen is intended for preparing and eating food. One of the popular types of kitchens for individual homes is the kitchen-dining room.

In the kitchen-dining room, in addition to working kitchen equipment, there is a dining table and chairs (dining area). The area of such a kitchen is taken depending on the size of the house and the number of family members within the range of 8-20 m2.

The bathroom includes rooms where there is a bath, shower, washbasin and toilet. In modern houses, it is recommended to use a separate bathroom, while organizing bathrooms on each floor of the house.

Entry into a room equipped with a toilet directly from the kitchen and living quarters (except for residential premises intended for families with disabled people) is not allowed.

It is not allowed to place a restroom and bath (or shower) directly above living rooms and kitchens. It is not allowed to attach devices and pipelines directly to the partitions enclosing living rooms.

According to the design assignment, as part of the additional equipment of sanitary and hygienic premises, it is allowed to provide for the installation of bidets, drying machines, hydromassage baths, shower cabins and other equipment, as well as to provide a shower room equipped with a shower tray or shower cabin.

In addition to the mandatory equipment of sanitary and hygienic premises at home, it is recommended to provide space in the bathroom for a washing machine.

It is allowed to open doors into the bathroom if the depth of the room or the distance from the doorway to the sanitary equipment located opposite is at least 1.2 m (clean). In all other cases, it is necessary to install a door opening outward from the bathroom.

The correct choice of the number of storeys of residential buildings and their space-planning structure is important, both in economic, construction and architectural terms, and for solving socially significant problems, providing the necessary favorable living conditions and activities of the population.

Bibliography

SNiP 2.07.01-89*.
SNiP 2.08.01-89 Residential buildings.
SP 30-102-99 Planning and development of the territory.
M.O. Barshch, M.V. Lisitsian, S.P. Turgenev. Architectural design of residential buildings. – M.: Architecture-S, 2006. - 488 p.

3. Examination of space-planning solutions for the building

Space-planning solutions are design solutions that are used in the design of objects for various purposes, for more expedient and complete use of premises of various significance. These solutions must comply with the requirements of regulatory documents. In the area of internal planning, they should be aimed at limiting the development of a possible fire and creating conditions for its successful extinguishing and ensuring the evacuation of people. This is achieved by dividing buildings and structures into fire compartments and sections, requirements and mutual placement of sections or individual rooms in the plan and on the floors of buildings.

A space-planning element is a large part into which the entire volume of a building can be divided (room, floor, staircase, fire compartment).

A fire compartment is a part of a building separated by fire partitions in order to limit the spread of a fire and ensure that it can be extinguished by the local fire department. When justifying the required area of a fire compartment, it is assumed that in order to minimize damage from a fire, the area of the compartment must ensure fire extinguishing before the collapse of load-bearing building structures.

There are two principles for regulating fire compartments: according to the allowable area of the compartment and according to functionality.

Fire compartments, in turn, are divided into fire sections or separate rooms in order to prevent the occurrence of a fire or limit its spread.

Requirements for planning decisions of public buildings are set out in SNiP 21-01-97* “Fire safety of buildings and structures” and SNiP 31-06-2009 “Public buildings”.

Checking the space-planning solutions of the building is presented in Table 3.1.

As a result of the examination of the space-planning solutions for the car sales center building project, it was revealed that they fully comply with the requirements of SNiP 31-06-2009 “Public buildings and structures”, SNiP 21-01-97* “Fire safety of buildings and structures”, SNiP 31 -03-2001 “Industrial buildings”.

Table 3.1 Checking compliance of space-planning solutions with fire safety requirements

What is being checked	Provided by the project

Number of storeys	2 floors provided	3 floors or more allowed	31-03-2001 table. 5	Compliant
Fire compartment area	Floor area is 1683 m2	The floor area between fire walls in a building of fire resistance class I should not exceed 5200 m2	31-03-2001 table. 5	Compliant
Placement of explosion and fire hazardous premises in the basement, ground, upper and other floors	On the ground floor the project provides for: a vehicle maintenance room, a heating unit, ventilation chambers, an autonomous boiler room	Boiler rooms are allowed in the basement and ground floors; water supply and sewerage pumping stations; ventilation and air conditioning chambers; control units and other premises for installation and management of engineering and technical equipment of buildings; elevator machine room. The vestibule with an exit from it to the outside through the first floor; dressing rooms, restrooms, washrooms, showers; smoking; changing rooms; Storerooms and storage rooms (except for rooms for storing flammable and combustible liquids of categories A and B); workshops not related to the storage of flammable materials.	Appendix D.1 clauses 1,2, 3, 7 Appendix D.2 p.1 SNiP 31-03-2001	Compliant
Height of floors or rooms with large numbers of people	Is 4.5 m	The height of the room from floor to ceiling of F5.1 buildings must be at least 2.2 meters. If it is necessary for vehicles to enter the building, the passage height must be at least 4.2 m	03/31/2001, clause 5.1	Compliant
Permissibility of placing (building in) premises for other purposes in a building	The project provides	In buildings of a certain functional fire hazard class, it is allowed to place parts of the building (fire compartments) of other functional fire hazard classes. In this case, the building, as a rule, becomes multifunctional. A floor of a building separated by type 1 fire resistant floors should be considered as a fire compartment. When a floor is separated by at least one floor that is not a type 1 fire floor, the floor must be assigned a functional fire hazard class as a group of rooms within the fire compartment.	06/31/2009 clause 6.14 SNiP 31-03-2001	Compliant
Permissibility of adding premises (buildings) for other purposes to the building	The project does not provide			Compliant

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Apartment residential buildings

They are intended for permanent residence of people of various numbers. Depending on the nature of the development, they are divided into low-rise estates, with an entrance from the site (in urban-type working settlements and rural areas) and urban-type apartment buildings with an entrance to the apartments from a common communication hub, i.e. stairs, corridors, galleries (sectional, corridor and gallery type houses).

Sectional residential buildings

These houses, the most common in residential construction, consist of residential sections, each of which contains a group of floor-by-floor repeated apartments on the floor, there are sections of two, three, four apartments, etc. Based on the nature of their location, the sections are divided into row (middle) and end (outer) sections. Based on the requirements for the orientation of residential premises according to the cardinal directions, residential sections are distinguished between meridional (the longitudinal axis of the building is located along the meridian) and latitudinal (the longitudinal axis of the building is located in the latitudinal direction). (Figure 2.42 a)

Corridor residential buildings

They unite a group of apartments, each of which has access to a common corridor, interconnected with the staircase. The length of common corridors is taken to be no more than 20 m when illuminated from one end and no more than 40 m when illuminated from two ends; for longer lengths, expanded parts of the corridors are provided - halls, the distance between which should be no more than 20 m, and between the halls and the window opening at the end of the corridor - no more than 30 m. Common corridors with a length of 60 m more, in accordance with fire safety requirements, are separated by partitions with self-closing doors ( after 30 m). In corridor buildings it is advisable to place apartments for small families (1...2 people) and singles (Figure 2.42 b)

Gallery residential buildings

This is a collection of apartments opening onto a one-way open or glassed-in gallery on each floor, interconnected with the staircase. Gallery houses are very economical, but they are suitable for construction only in the southern regions. In apartment buildings of corridor and gallery types with a height of 10 floors and more common corridors or galleries must have exits to two smoke-free staircases with a living floor area of more than 300 m2. In houses up to nine floors with a living area of no more than 300 m2, one staircase is allowed; at the same time, at the ends of corridor buildings, for fire safety purposes, common balconies should be provided for all apartments, connected by external evacuation stairs up to the fifth floor level. In two-story residential buildings with a capacity of no more than 100 people on the second floor, it is allowed to organize one staircase if there are exits at the end of the corridor or gallery to the external fire escape. (Fig. 2.42 c)

Figure 2.42 Plan of residential buildings a – sectional; b – corridor; c – gallery.

Hotels

Hotels(general type, tourist, resort). They are intended for short-term residence of people. General hotels are designed for 15, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 800, and 1000 beds, tourist and resort hotels - for 300, 500, 800, and 1000 beds. The architectural and planning solution of the building includes a residential part of the corridor type and a service block. The main planning element of the residential part is a residential room, the area of which is assumed to be: for a single room - 9 m2, for a double room - 12 m2, for a four-bed room - 18 m2.

Dorms

They are intended for temporary residence of students during their studies, students of colleges, lyceums and boarding schools. The dormitories are located in sectional and corridor type houses. The main planning element is a living room with a capacity of 2...4 people with a standard area of 6 m2 per person. There are also floor-by-floor classrooms and service rooms.

Nursing homes for the elderly

Intended for permanent residence of the elderly, single disabled people and married couples who, for health reasons, need everyday household and medical care, as well as periodic or permanent care. Based on the population of elderly people living, boarding houses are designed in two types: a general type - for practically Zero people, and a hospital type - for the infirm. Departments for practical elderly people are located in corridor-type houses and are formed by residential groups consisting of living rooms for 1...2 people (area 12 and 18 m2, respectively) and service premises. The residential group in departments for the infirm for 25...30 people is designed for 1,2,3 and 4 people.

Requirements for residential premises

The apartment includes living quarters (common room and bedrooms), utility rooms (hallway, kitchen, bathroom or shower room, toilet, utility room or utility closet), summer rooms (balconies, loggias). The accommodation of families of different composition (by number, age, gender and family relationships) is ensured by the required number of rooms and different sizes of the total living area.

Currently, apartments for family occupancy are designed according to the standards of 12 m2 of living space and 18 m2 of total area per person. This means the possibility of moving towards providing separate rooms for family members.

In multi-room apartments, it is advisable to install two sanitary units: in the kitchen - a toilet with a washbasin, in the bedroom - a bathtub or shower with a washbasin.

The common room of two-room apartments is designed with an area of at least 16 m2, three-room apartments - no less than 18 m2, four-five room apartments - 20 m2. The bedroom has an area of at least 12 m2 for parents and at least 8 m2 for children and other family members.

The area of the living rooms, as well as the alcoves, dressing rooms and built-in wardrobes that open into the living rooms, forms the living area of the building. The area of the remaining rooms and built-in wardrobes opening into these rooms forms a utility area. The sum of living and utility areas is usable area residential building.

In single-family apartments, if the kitchen area is more than 6 m2, then it is considered a kitchen-dining room and part of its area (over 6 m2) is included in the residential apartment.

The area of staircases, common corridors in corridor houses, common galleries in gallery houses is not included in the usable area of the building.

The following are accepted as the main calculation units of measurement to which the technical and economic indicators of residential buildings should be assigned: for apartment-type residential buildings - one apartment, 1 m2 of living or usable area.

The following indicators are accepted as space-planning indicators. For apartment-type residential buildings: a) the total construction volume per 1 m2 of living space and per apartment; b) the volume of a typical floor per 1 m2 of living space; c) the ratio of living space to useful space (for the house as a whole); d) housing and usable space for one apartment in a residential building.

For dormitories: a) the total construction volume of the building per 1 place; b) the same for 1m2 of living space; c) living and usable space per 1 place; d) the ratio of living space to useful space.

The arrangement (layout) of premises of a given size and shape in a single complex, subject to functional, technical, architectural, artistic and economic requirements, is called space-planning solution building (OPR).The entire internal volume of the building is divided by horizontal (interfloor ceilings) and vertical (walls and partitions) structures into separate rooms. Premises according to the way they are connected to each other can be impassable(isolated) and passable(non-insulated). Non-passable rooms communicate with each other using a third room, usually one of the communication rooms (corridor, staircase, etc.). Based on the location and relationship of rooms, several are distinguished space-planning systems buildings:

- enfilade;

- system with horizontal communication rooms;

- hall;

- atrium;

- sectional;

- mixed (combined).

If rooms are connected to each other directly through openings in walls or partitions, then this technique is called an enfilade planning system (see Fig. 2.1). This system allows you to create a building with a very compact and economical structure due to the absence (or minimal volume) of communication rooms. All the main rooms in the building with the enfilade system are walk-through, so it is applicable only in buildings of a predominantly exhibition nature (museums, art galleries, exhibition pavilions), or partially in individual elements of the building, for example, between the rooms of one educational group in a preschool.

Rice. 2.1. Enfilade planning system

A system with horizontal communication rooms provides communication between the main premises of the building through communication rooms (corridors, open galleries). This allows the main premises to be designed as non-passable. In this case, the rooms can be located one at a time (Fig. 2.2 A) or on both sides of the corridor(Fig. 2.2 b). With one-sided arrangement of the premises, the corridor has good illumination with natural light, which in some cases is necessary, for example, in schools, where the corridor also serves as a recreational room.

Rice. 2.2. Layout system with horizontal communication rooms

A– gallery; b– corridor

1 – open gallery; 2 – closed corridor; 3 – working or living quarters

The planning compactness and cost-effectiveness of a building solution with horizontal communications is assessed by the amount of area of the main and auxiliary premises of the building per unit area or length of communication premises. Based on this feature, the most economical schemes are those with two parallel or circular corridors. Planning systems with horizontal communication rooms are widely used in the design of civil buildings for a wide variety of purposes - dormitories, hotels, schools, hospitals, administrative buildings, etc.

The disadvantage of one-sided arrangement of premises is the increase in the utility area in the building and the perimeter of the external walls, which worsens the economic characteristics of the space-planning solution.

The hall planning system provides for one large (main) room of the building, which, as a rule, determines its functional purpose (cinema hall, gym, etc.), around which the remaining necessary rooms are grouped (see Fig. 2.3). This system is most common when designing entertainment, sports and commercial buildings. The hall system is used for buildings with one or more halls.

Rice. 2.3. Hall planning system

Atrium system - with an open or covered courtyard (atrium), around which the main premises are located, connected directly to it through open (galleries) or closed (side corridors) communication rooms (see Fig. 2.4).

Rice. 2.4. Atrium planning system

1 – atrium; 2 – communication rooms

In addition to traditional use in southern housing, it is widely used in the design of low-rise buildings with large halls (indoor markets, museums, exhibition complexes, schools), as well as multi-storey hotels and administrative premises. The advantages of this system in open courtyards are the close connection between those required by the technological scheme open and closed spaces (in a market building there is a connection between trading floors and seasonal trading space, in a museum building - between closed and open exhibitions). The advantages of the atrium system in closed courtyards are the creation of year-round functioning public spaces and increasing the thermal efficiency of the building as a whole.

Sectional system consists of assembling a building from one or several single-character fragments (sections) with repeating floor plans, and the premises of all floors of each section are connected by common vertical communications - stairs or stairs and elevators. The sectional system is the main one in the design of multi-apartment residential buildings of medium and high rises; individual fragments of this system are included in the space-planning structure of dormitory buildings, hospitals, some administrative premises, etc.

Rice. 2.5. Sectional planning system

1 – block sections; 2 – vertical communications (staircase and elevator units)

Some mixed-use buildings have mixed planning system, since the building combines premises for various functional processes (main and auxiliary). For example, in the building of a large physical culture and health complex, the hall system of sports halls is combined with a corridor layout of premises for classes in sports sections and clubs (see Fig. 2.6).

Rice. 2.6. Mixed planning system

1 – hall system; 2 – corridor system

As a rule, the most compact placement of premises with the shortest routes for the movement of people and vehicles, without their mutual intersections and oncoming traffic, meets the requirements of convenience. The shorter the movement paths and, therefore, the smaller the communication premises, the smaller the volume of the building and the lower its cost. Premises connected by a functional or technological process should be located as close to each other as possible. This condition is especially important for manufacturing enterprises, where the length of the routes for the movement of production items affects not only the volume of the building, but also the cost of the product. No less important for industrial and public buildings is the absence of intersections of human flows, and the intersection of human flows with cargo flows is generally unacceptable, both due to technological and safety conditions. The development of a space-planning solution (SPD) is carried out on the basis of a diagram of the functional processes occurring in the building ( functional or technological scheme). It is a conventional graphic representation of the grouping of premises and functional connections between them. If the design is significantly complex (for example, when designing industrial buildings with a complex technological process - assembly lines of car factories, etc.), a functional or technological diagram is developed by a specialist technologist together with an architect.

Many buildings, regardless of their purpose, have the same type of individual rooms and their groups - architectural and planning elements(main entrance to the building, staircase, transport hubs, sanitary facilities). Their planning solution and placement in the building has a significant impact on the layout of the building plan as a whole. Each building usually has main entrance and usually several secondary(official) inputs. The main mass of people participating in the functional process pass through the main entrance; secondary entrances usually serve auxiliary functional processes and also serve as emergency emergency exits. The main entrance to the building should be clearly visible when approaching it. Entrance area usually defends himself canopy from precipitation. To protect against the penetration of cold air, small rooms are arranged near the external doors - vestibules. For the climatic zone in which the Nizhny Novgorod region is located, the use of a conventional single vestibule is sufficient. For northern regions (at lower temperatures during the coldest five-day period in winter), the use of a double vestibule is mandatory. Next is lobby And wardrobe. The lobby is a communication room with distribution functions, from where flows of people are directed to corridors, staircases, and lifts. The area of the wardrobe and vestibule depends on the number of people using them. At the entrance node there are usually some service premises ( security rooms, shopping kiosks, sanitary facilities and so on.).

The location of stairwells and elevator shafts greatly influences the layout since they must occupy the same relative position in the plan of each floor of the building.

The layout of floors is also influenced by the position of sanitary facilities, kitchens and other rooms, which are always located on the floors one vertical above the other. This arrangement greatly facilitates the installation of water supply, gas and sewerage pipelines in the building. In addition, “wet” rooms (i.e. rooms in which high air humidity and structures can get wet) are placed compactly in buildings so as not to have a harmful effect on other rooms. It is also undesirable to locate “wet” rooms near the outer walls of the building.

Vertical load-bearing structures (walls and columns), as well as stairs and elevator shafts, must cross all floors, occupying the same place in the plan on each floor. Only in some cases, load-bearing walls and pillars of the upper floors can be supported by horizontal load-bearing structures. Therefore, it is advisable to locate rooms with large spans in the upper floors or move them to single-story parts of the building, so as not to rely on the ceiling of the large span of the upper floor structure.

Thus, an economical solution to the structural design has a significant impact on the overall planning solution of the building.

However, the leading factor in the design of a building, determining its space-planning solution, remains the functional process. New functional processes or changes in existing processes lead to the emergence of new space-planning and design solutions for buildings.

The space-planning solution is also influenced by the natural conditions in which the building will be erected. The harsh climate predetermines compact volumes of buildings with a minimum area of external fences. In warm climates, on the contrary, complicated volumes of buildings are advisable, providing more shade and facilitating the connection of the building’s premises with the surrounding nature.